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A&P 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

This is the largest autonomic plexus

A

Celiac (solar) plexus

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2
Q
  • allows us to know where out head &limbs are
  • tells us the degree which muscle contract, amount if tensions in tendons &positions if joints
  • allow weight discrimination
A

Propriception

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3
Q

Organs that have dual innervation receive motor impulses from the

A

Sympathetic &parasympathetic neurons

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4
Q

Directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland

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5
Q

Conducts nerve impulses between Gyri in different hemispheres or the cerebrum

A

Corpus callosum

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6
Q

Sensory receptors located in blood vessels &visceral organs &their signals aren’t consciously perceived.

A

Interoceptors

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7
Q

During a somatic spinal reflex when one effector muscles is stimulated and the opposing muscle is inhibited this ripe of inner cation is. Called

A

Reciprocal innervation

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8
Q

Which of the followings parts of the reflex arc govern body condition levels

A

Interneuron

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9
Q

Thalamus functions

A 
Visual 
Auditory
Body sensation
Facial sensation
Motor
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10
Q

Which part of the diencephalon have no blood brain carries and monitor chances in the chemical composition of the blood

A

Circumventricular organs (CVO)

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11
Q

Which of the following contains cerebral spinal fluid

A

Pia mater (subarachnoid space)

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12
Q

He descending tracts of the spinal cord carry what type of information

A

Motor

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13
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue
Receptors for pain
Goin in every tissue except brain

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14
Q

An antagonist binds to a neurotransmitter cal receptor. What will the effect of this binding be

A

Block neurotransmitter receptors

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters that bind to autonomic receptors

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Noradrenalin
Serotonin

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16
Q

Rods

A

Allow us to see in dim light
Do not provide color vision
About 130 million in retina

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17
Q

Which of the following responses is not caused by the parasympathetic division

A 
Salivation
Lacrimation 
Urination 
Digestion
Defection   
SLUDD
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18
Q

The meninges

A

3 layers- dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Layers include spinal cord &brain
Spinal cord protected by epidural space

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

4 regions- mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, preoptic

Control ANS:
Production of hormones
Regulation of emotional &behavioral patterns
Regulation of eating &drinking
Control of body temperature
Regulation of cardiac rhythms &states of consciousness

20
Q

The spinal cord

A

Oval shaped
Extends from medulla oblongata to 2nd lumbar vertebra
Cervical &lumbar enlargement can be seen
Conus medullaris- tapered structure

21
Q

The cerebrum

A 
Largest part of brain 
Seat of intelligence 
Provides ability to read, write, speak, remember 
Consists of cerebral cortex, white matter, gray matter
Corpus collision connects hemispheres 
4 lobes: 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
22
Q

The following occur during flight or fight response

A 
Pupils dilate
Heart rate, blood pressure increase
Airways dilate
Blood vessels constrict 
Liver feels perform glucogenolysis 
Release of glucose
Processes not essential for meeting the situation are inhibited
23
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Parallel bundles of axons &their associated neurological cells wrapped in layers of connective tissue
Connect CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, glands
32 pairs named &numbered according to region &level of vertebral column.
1st pair emerge from occipital bone &atlas (C1)
Most of the remaining emerge from the intervertebral formina between adjoining vertebra
C1-C7 exit vertebral canal above corresponding vertebrae
Spinal Nerve C8 exits the VC between C7&T1
T1-L5 exit below their corresponding VC

24
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Main part- autonomic (visceral) sensory neurons
Includes sensations monitored by somatic sensory &special sensory neurons
Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by either increasing or decreasing ongoing activities in effector tissues
Responses: changes in pupil diameter
Dilating &constriction of blood vessels
Adjustment of rate &force of heart beat
ANS tissues function to some extent even if nerve supply is damaged. EX. Heart beating when removed from body

25
Q

How does the spinal cord function in maintaing homeostasis

A

Spinal cord &nerves contribute by providing quick reflective responses to marry stimuli. The spinal cord is the pathway for sensory input &motor output

26
Q

The brain

A

About 100 billion neurons
10 trillion to 50 trillion neuroglia
Mass of about 1300g in adults
Each neuron forms 100 synapses
Control center for registering sensations, making decisions, taking actions
Center for intellect, emotions, behavior &memory
12 pairs of cranial nerves

27
Q

Adaptation

A

Generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during constant stimulus
Perception or a sensations fades/disappears
Rapidly adapting receptors adapt fast
Slowly adapting receptors adapt slow

28
Q

A sensory receptor may be classified by:

A

Microscopic structure
Location of the receptors &the origin of stimuli that activate them
Type of stimulus detected

29
Q

The blood brain barrier

A

Many tight junctions that seal endothelial cells &basement membrane
Glucose cross BBB by active transport (water soluble)
Most ions cross very slowly

30
Q

Functions of the cerebellum:

A

Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles
Regulate muscles
May have Role in cognition &language processing

31
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

All sympathetic &parasympathetic
Preganglionic neurons
Sympathetic pstganglionic neurons that intervate mast sweat glands
All parasympathetic pstganglionic neurons

32
Q

May be an effector I’m autonomic reflex

A 
Salivary gland arterioles
Gastric gland arterioles 
Intestinal gland arterioles 
Coronary (heart) arterioles 
Skeletal muscle arterioles 
Abdominal viscera arterioles 
Brain arterioles 
Kidney arterioles 
Systemic veins
33
Q

Prorioceptors

A 
Located in:
Muscles 
Tendons
Joints 
Inner ear
Provide informations about body position muscle length &tension &position &movement of joints &balance
34
Q

The inner ear

A 
"labyrinth" 
Two main divisions:
Outer bony
Inter bony 
Bony labyrinth 3 areas: 
Semicircular canals
Vestibule 
Cochlea 
Contains perilymph- surrounds membrane labyrinth
35
Q

Spinal nerves are

A

Paths of communications between spinal cord &specific regions of the body
31 pairs

36
Q

Involve the hypothalamus

A 
Mammillary region
Tuberal region
Supraoptic region 
Functions: 
Control ANS 
Produce hormones 
Regulation emotion/behavior 
Regulate eating/drinking
Body temperature
Regulate cardiac rhythms &consciousness
37
Q

The limbic system

A 
Emotional brain 
Main components: 
Limbic lobe
Dentate gyrus
Amygdaloid 
Septal nuclei 
Anterior &medial nucleus
Olfactory bulbs 
Fornix, stria termialis, stria medullaris, medial forebrain bundle, mammillothalamic
38
Q

How do cranial meninges differ from spinal meninges

A

The cranial dura mater has two layers the spinal dura mater has one. (Periosteal &meningeal)

39
Q

Intercostal nerves

A

T2-T12
Do not enter into the formation of plexus
T2 supplies skin of axilla &postermedial aspect of arm
T3-T6 extend skins costal grooves of ribs &then to intercostal muscles &skin of the anterior &lateral chest wall
T7-T12 supply intercostal muscles &adominal muscles along with overlying skin
Posterior rami supply deep back muscles &skin of posterior aspect of the thorax

40
Q

The stretch &tendon spinal reflexes do not provide what function

A

Awareness of muscle tension
Prevention of damage to tendons
Maintenance of muscle tone

41
Q

Controlled by the hypothalamus

A

Mammillary region
Tuberal region
Supraoptic region
Preoptic region

42
Q

Gyri develop because

A

The brain grows too fast and gray matter outgrows white matter causing the cortical region to roll and fold on itself

43
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

Cell body in the brain or spinal cord
Exits as part of CNS as part of cranial or spinal nerve
Axon is small in diameter myelinated type B fiber

44
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

Second neuron in autonomic motor pathway
Lies outside CNS in PNS
Cell body &dendrites located in autonomic ganglion
Relay impulses from autonomic ganglia to visceral effectors

45
Q

Sympathetic division of the and has more widespread and longer lasting effects than the parasympathetic division

A

Sympathetic postganglionic axons diverge more extensively many tissues are activated simultaneously
Acetylcholine inactivates acetylcholine but norepinephrine lingers in the synaptic cleft for a long period
Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted into the blood form the adrenal medulla intensify and prolong the responses caused by NE liberated from sympathetic postganglionic axons

A&P 2 (1 decks)

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