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A&P 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

This is the largest autonomic plexus

A

Celiac (solar) plexus

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2
Q
  • allows us to know where out head &limbs are
  • tells us the degree which muscle contract, amount if tensions in tendons &positions if joints
  • allow weight discrimination
A

Propriception

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3
Q

Organs that have dual innervation receive motor impulses from the

A

Sympathetic &parasympathetic neurons

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4
Q

Directly controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

Pituitary gland

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5
Q

Conducts nerve impulses between Gyri in different hemispheres or the cerebrum

A

Corpus callosum

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6
Q

Sensory receptors located in blood vessels &visceral organs &their signals aren’t consciously perceived.

A

Interoceptors

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7
Q

During a somatic spinal reflex when one effector muscles is stimulated and the opposing muscle is inhibited this ripe of inner cation is. Called

A

Reciprocal innervation

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8
Q

Which of the followings parts of the reflex arc govern body condition levels

A

Interneuron

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9
Q

Thalamus functions

A 
Visual 
Auditory
Body sensation
Facial sensation
Motor
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10
Q

Which part of the diencephalon have no blood brain carries and monitor chances in the chemical composition of the blood

A

Circumventricular organs (CVO)

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11
Q

Which of the following contains cerebral spinal fluid

A

Pia mater (subarachnoid space)

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12
Q

He descending tracts of the spinal cord carry what type of information

A

Motor

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13
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue
Receptors for pain
Goin in every tissue except brain

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14
Q

An antagonist binds to a neurotransmitter cal receptor. What will the effect of this binding be

A

Block neurotransmitter receptors

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters that bind to autonomic receptors

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Noradrenalin
Serotonin

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16
Q

Rods

A

Allow us to see in dim light
Do not provide color vision
About 130 million in retina

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17
Q

Which of the following responses is not caused by the parasympathetic division

A 
Salivation
Lacrimation 
Urination 
Digestion
Defection   
SLUDD
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18
Q

The meninges

A

3 layers- dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Layers include spinal cord &brain
Spinal cord protected by epidural space

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

4 regions- mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, preoptic

Control ANS:
Production of hormones
Regulation of emotional &behavioral patterns
Regulation of eating &drinking
Control of body temperature
Regulation of cardiac rhythms &states of consciousness

20
Q

The spinal cord

A

Oval shaped
Extends from medulla oblongata to 2nd lumbar vertebra
Cervical &lumbar enlargement can be seen
Conus medullaris- tapered structure

21
Q

The cerebrum

A 
Largest part of brain 
Seat of intelligence 
Provides ability to read, write, speak, remember 
Consists of cerebral cortex, white matter, gray matter
Corpus collision connects hemispheres 
4 lobes: 
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
22
Q

The following occur during flight or fight response

A 
Pupils dilate
Heart rate, blood pressure increase
Airways dilate
Blood vessels constrict 
Liver feels perform glucogenolysis 
Release of glucose
Processes not essential for meeting the situation are inhibited
23
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Parallel bundles of axons &their associated neurological cells wrapped in layers of connective tissue
Connect CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, glands
32 pairs named &numbered according to region &level of vertebral column.
1st pair emerge from occipital bone &atlas (C1)
Most of the remaining emerge from the intervertebral formina between adjoining vertebra
C1-C7 exit vertebral canal above corresponding vertebrae
Spinal Nerve C8 exits the VC between C7&T1
T1-L5 exit below their corresponding VC

24
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Main part- autonomic (visceral) sensory neurons
Includes sensations monitored by somatic sensory &special sensory neurons
Autonomic motor neurons regulate visceral activities by either increasing or decreasing ongoing activities in effector tissues
Responses: changes in pupil diameter
Dilating &constriction of blood vessels
Adjustment of rate &force of heart beat
ANS tissues function to some extent even if nerve supply is damaged. EX. Heart beating when removed from body

25
How does the spinal cord function in maintaing homeostasis
Spinal cord &nerves contribute by providing quick reflective responses to marry stimuli. The spinal cord is the pathway for sensory input &motor output
26
The brain
About 100 billion neurons 10 trillion to 50 trillion neuroglia Mass of about 1300g in adults Each neuron forms 100 synapses Control center for registering sensations, making decisions, taking actions Center for intellect, emotions, behavior &memory 12 pairs of cranial nerves
27
Adaptation
Generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during constant stimulus Perception or a sensations fades/disappears Rapidly adapting receptors adapt fast Slowly adapting receptors adapt slow
28
A sensory receptor may be classified by:
Microscopic structure Location of the receptors &the origin of stimuli that activate them Type of stimulus detected
29
The blood brain barrier
Many tight junctions that seal endothelial cells &basement membrane Glucose cross BBB by active transport (water soluble) Most ions cross very slowly
30
Functions of the cerebellum:
Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles Regulate muscles May have Role in cognition &language processing
31
Cholinergic neurons
All sympathetic ¶sympathetic Preganglionic neurons Sympathetic pstganglionic neurons that intervate mast sweat glands All parasympathetic pstganglionic neurons
32
May be an effector I'm autonomic reflex
``` Salivary gland arterioles Gastric gland arterioles Intestinal gland arterioles Coronary (heart) arterioles Skeletal muscle arterioles Abdominal viscera arterioles Brain arterioles Kidney arterioles Systemic veins ```
33
Prorioceptors
``` Located in: Muscles Tendons Joints Inner ear Provide informations about body position muscle length &tension &position &movement of joints &balance ```
34
The inner ear
``` "labyrinth" Two main divisions: Outer bony Inter bony Bony labyrinth 3 areas: Semicircular canals Vestibule Cochlea Contains perilymph- surrounds membrane labyrinth ```
35
Spinal nerves are
Paths of communications between spinal cord &specific regions of the body 31 pairs
36
Involve the hypothalamus
``` Mammillary region Tuberal region Supraoptic region Functions: Control ANS Produce hormones Regulation emotion/behavior Regulate eating/drinking Body temperature Regulate cardiac rhythms &consciousness ```
37
The limbic system
``` Emotional brain Main components: Limbic lobe Dentate gyrus Amygdaloid Septal nuclei Anterior &medial nucleus Olfactory bulbs Fornix, stria termialis, stria medullaris, medial forebrain bundle, mammillothalamic ```
38
How do cranial meninges differ from spinal meninges
The cranial dura mater has two layers the spinal dura mater has one. (Periosteal &meningeal)
39
Intercostal nerves
T2-T12 Do not enter into the formation of plexus T2 supplies skin of axilla &postermedial aspect of arm T3-T6 extend skins costal grooves of ribs &then to intercostal muscles &skin of the anterior &lateral chest wall T7-T12 supply intercostal muscles &adominal muscles along with overlying skin Posterior rami supply deep back muscles &skin of posterior aspect of the thorax
40
The stretch &tendon spinal reflexes do not provide what function
Awareness of muscle tension Prevention of damage to tendons Maintenance of muscle tone
41
Controlled by the hypothalamus
Mammillary region Tuberal region Supraoptic region Preoptic region
42
Gyri develop because
The brain grows too fast and gray matter outgrows white matter causing the cortical region to roll and fold on itself
43
Preganglionic neuron
Cell body in the brain or spinal cord Exits as part of CNS as part of cranial or spinal nerve Axon is small in diameter myelinated type B fiber
44
Postganglionic neuron
Second neuron in autonomic motor pathway Lies outside CNS in PNS Cell body &dendrites located in autonomic ganglion Relay impulses from autonomic ganglia to visceral effectors
45
Sympathetic division of the and has more widespread and longer lasting effects than the parasympathetic division
Sympathetic postganglionic axons diverge more extensively many tissues are activated simultaneously Acetylcholine inactivates acetylcholine but norepinephrine lingers in the synaptic cleft for a long period Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted into the blood form the adrenal medulla intensify and prolong the responses caused by NE liberated from sympathetic postganglionic axons

A&P 2 (1 decks)

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