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Middle East > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Maghreb

A

meaning “to the west,” the arabic name for North Africa west of Egypt. the western extent of the Arab conquests, conquered by 700.

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2
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

the region stretching from Iraq in the Persian Gulf, to Egypt on the Mediterranean. Home to many early civilizations. rivers and farmland, surrounded by desert. check lecture

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3
Q

Arabian Peninsula

A

home of the Arabs, mainly desert. check lecture

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4
Q

Nomadic Pastoralism

A

lifestyle based on herding livestock, practiced in regions with little arable land/low rainfall. practiced by the Bedouin of Arabia

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5
Q

Sheikh

A

arabic for elder, refers to leader/governor. what the head of tribes were called, title passed down. also someone who graduates islamic academy

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6
Q

Kurds

A

an ethnic group in the north of the Fertile Crescent. speak a Iranic language.
conquested in 643 by the Arabs

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7
Q

Copts

A

an Egyptian ethnic group. mainly christian. once were majority in Egypt. Conquered in 641

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8
Q

Zoroastrians

A

an Iranian religion. monotheistic/dualist (arguement)

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9
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

a Greek/Roman Civilization from 330-1453. Christian. controlled the mediterranean middle east before the Arab Conquests.

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10
Q

Sasanian Empire

A

an Iranian civilization from 224-651. zoroastrian official religion. destroyed by Arabs

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11
Q

Lakjmid and Ghassanid Tribes

A

Arab Christians in Southern Iraq/Hellenize Christian tribe in Northwestern Arabia. Persian annexed state/Roman allied state. conquered in 633/636

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12
Q

Mecca

A

Arabian city near the Red Sea. home to the Kaaba. home of Muhammad, conquered by him in 630

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13
Q

Yathrib/Medina

A

Arabian city, North of Mecca. renamed medina by muhammad, he is buried there. early political power base. where muhammad invaded arabia from.

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14
Q

Ka’aba

A

cuboid building in Mecca, houses the

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15
Q

Constitution of Medina

A

written by muhammad to end the tribal disputes around Medina. circa 622. created first muslim state - the community = Ummah

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16
Q

Umma

A

means nation or community, not just ancestral/geographic similarities

17
Q

Hijra

A

mohammad and his followers journey to medina, after being forced to leave mecca in 622

18
Q

Koran

A

religious text of islam. verbatim word of god. revealed by angel gabriel to muhammad from 609-632 (death). line of prophets from adam to jesus to finally muhammad.

19
Q

Caliph

A

means “sucessor/representative.” head of muslim caliphate. sucessor of the messenger of god.

20
Q

Mu’awiya

A

muhammad’s brother-in-law. was govenor of syria by 640, established Umayyad Caliphate in 661 after being victorious over ali/son hasan. reviled by the Shi’a

21
Q

Riddah Wars

A

arabs outside of mecca rebelling against Abu Bakr after muhammad’s death. 632-633

22
Q

Damascus

A

Syria. conquered by arabs in 635 from Byzantines. became capital of Umayyad Caliphate

23
Q

Amsar Cities

A

arab cities outside of arabia, built as garrison towns. kept muslim soldiers separate from non-muslim locals

24
Q

Rashidun Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali ibn Talib)

A

first four caliphs after muhammad’s death. expanded islam from iran to north africa

25
Q

Berbers

A

a North African ethnic group.

26
Q

Transoxaina

A

region in Central Asia, between the Amu Darya (Oxus) and Syr Darya Rivers. captured by Arabs between 706-714

27
Q

Sind

A

south eastern pakistan. conquered in 711. eastern border of the umayyad dynasty

28
Q

dhimmis

A

non-muslims inside muslim state. allowed to stay as long as they paid a tax. excluded from some things, didn’t have to go to islamic court

29
Q

Kharajites

A

a group that rejected ali’s leadership in the late 7th century. southern Iraq

30
Q

Khorasan

A

northeastern Iran, below transoxiana. conquered in 647. cities merv and samarkand

31
Q

Umayyad Dynasty

A

661-750, established by Mu’awiya after Ali’s death.

32
Q

Cyrpus (location)

A

Island in the eastern Mediterranean

33
Q

Samarkand (location)

A

a city in Central Asia

34
Q

Fustat/Cairo (location)

A

on the Nile River

35
Q

Basra (location)

A

in Iraq

36
Q

Jerusalem (location)

A

in modern day Israel/Palestine

37
Q

Iberian Peninsula (location)

A

Spain and Portugal

38
Q

muhammad

A

the prophet. 570-632. first vision in 609

39
Q

khadija

A

muhammad’s first wife. 555–619. daughters married first caliphs

Middle East (2 decks)

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