test 1

Question 1

Maghreb

Answer 1

meaning “to the west,” the arabic name for North Africa west of Egypt. the western extent of the Arab conquests, conquered by 700.

Question 2

Fertile Crescent

Answer 2

the region stretching from Iraq in the Persian Gulf, to Egypt on the Mediterranean. Home to many early civilizations. rivers and farmland, surrounded by desert. check lecture

Question 3

Arabian Peninsula

Answer 3

home of the Arabs, mainly desert. check lecture

Question 4

Nomadic Pastoralism

Answer 4

lifestyle based on herding livestock, practiced in regions with little arable land/low rainfall. practiced by the Bedouin of Arabia

Question 5

Sheikh

Answer 5

arabic for elder, refers to leader/governor. what the head of tribes were called, title passed down. also someone who graduates islamic academy

Question 6

Kurds

Answer 6

an ethnic group in the north of the Fertile Crescent. speak a Iranic language.
conquested in 643 by the Arabs

Question 7

Copts

Answer 7

an Egyptian ethnic group. mainly christian. once were majority in Egypt. Conquered in 641

Question 8

Zoroastrians

Answer 8

an Iranian religion. monotheistic/dualist (arguement)

Question 9

Byzantine Empire

Answer 9

a Greek/Roman Civilization from 330-1453. Christian. controlled the mediterranean middle east before the Arab Conquests.

Question 10

Sasanian Empire

Answer 10

an Iranian civilization from 224-651. zoroastrian official religion. destroyed by Arabs

Question 11

Lakjmid and Ghassanid Tribes

Answer 11

Arab Christians in Southern Iraq/Hellenize Christian tribe in Northwestern Arabia. Persian annexed state/Roman allied state. conquered in 633/636

Question 12

Mecca

Answer 12

Arabian city near the Red Sea. home to the Kaaba. home of Muhammad, conquered by him in 630

Question 13

Yathrib/Medina

Answer 13

Arabian city, North of Mecca. renamed medina by muhammad, he is buried there. early political power base. where muhammad invaded arabia from.

Question 14

Ka’aba

Answer 14

cuboid building in Mecca, houses the

Question 15

Constitution of Medina

Answer 15

written by muhammad to end the tribal disputes around Medina. circa 622. created first muslim state - the community = Ummah

Question 16

Umma

Answer 16

means nation or community, not just ancestral/geographic similarities

Question 17

Hijra

Answer 17

mohammad and his followers journey to medina, after being forced to leave mecca in 622

Question 18

Koran

Answer 18

religious text of islam. verbatim word of god. revealed by angel gabriel to muhammad from 609-632 (death). line of prophets from adam to jesus to finally muhammad.

Question 19

Caliph

Answer 19

means “sucessor/representative.” head of muslim caliphate. sucessor of the messenger of god.

Question 20

Mu’awiya

Answer 20

muhammad’s brother-in-law. was govenor of syria by 640, established Umayyad Caliphate in 661 after being victorious over ali/son hasan. reviled by the Shi’a

Question 21

Riddah Wars

Answer 21

arabs outside of mecca rebelling against Abu Bakr after muhammad’s death. 632-633

Question 22

Damascus

Answer 22

Syria. conquered by arabs in 635 from Byzantines. became capital of Umayyad Caliphate

Question 23

Amsar Cities

Answer 23

arab cities outside of arabia, built as garrison towns. kept muslim soldiers separate from non-muslim locals

Question 24

Rashidun Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali ibn Talib)

Answer 24

first four caliphs after muhammad’s death. expanded islam from iran to north africa

Question 25

Berbers

Answer 25

a North African ethnic group.

Question 26

Transoxaina

Answer 26

region in Central Asia, between the Amu Darya (Oxus) and Syr Darya Rivers. captured by Arabs between 706-714

Question 27

Sind

Answer 27

south eastern pakistan. conquered in 711. eastern border of the umayyad dynasty

Question 28

dhimmis

Answer 28

non-muslims inside muslim state. allowed to stay as long as they paid a tax. excluded from some things, didn't have to go to islamic court

Question 29

Kharajites

Answer 29

a group that rejected ali's leadership in the late 7th century. southern Iraq

Question 30

Khorasan

Answer 30

northeastern Iran, below transoxiana. conquered in 647. cities merv and samarkand

Question 31

Umayyad Dynasty

Answer 31

661-750, established by Mu'awiya after Ali's death.

Question 32

Cyrpus (location)

Answer 32

Island in the eastern Mediterranean

Question 33

Samarkand (location)

Answer 33

a city in Central Asia

Question 34

Fustat/Cairo (location)

Answer 34

on the Nile River

Question 35

Basra (location)

Answer 35

in Iraq

Question 36

Jerusalem (location)

Answer 36

in modern day Israel/Palestine

Question 37

Iberian Peninsula (location)

Answer 37

Spain and Portugal

Question 38

muhammad

Answer 38

the prophet. 570-632. first vision in 609

Question 39

khadija

Answer 39

muhammad's first wife. 555–619. daughters married first caliphs