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Biology100 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Primitive Earth Conditions

A
  • No molecular Oxygen
  • Energy rich environment
  • A reducing chemical environment that favored the formation of large complex molecules
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2
Q

Stanley Miller Experiment

A

He basically recreated the primitive earth environment and his goal was to support abiogenesis. He was able to create non functional cells, but was able to conclude that it was possible to create cells.

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3
Q

Basic Characteristics of the first cells on earth

A
  • Anaerobic (Oxygen avoiding)
  • Prokaryotic (primitive cell type)
  • Heterotrophic (obtained matter and energy by consuming spontaneously and abiotically produced organic molecules – abundant in the primitive earth environment)
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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and Archea (Arche literally means old) Prokaryotes are primitive cell types.

  • Small and primitive
  • Simple Structure
  • Cell division by binary fission (asexual)
  • Some have flagella for movement
  • Cell walls that promote shape
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5
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Plant, fungi, animals, and protists

  • On average 10x larger that prokaryotic cells
  • Complex organization
  • Reproduction (both sexual and asexual)
  • Cell division (Mitosis and Miosis)
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6
Q

General Scientific Method

A

-Observation
-Hypothesis
-Experimental Design
-Data
AND SO ON…

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7
Q

Control Group

A

The group that stays in normal conditions (Plants that still stay in the light)

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8
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group you draw conclusions from (The plants in the dark)

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9
Q

Dependent Variables

A

The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. What you measure in the experiment.

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10
Q

Independent Variables

A

This is controlled by the experimenter. You tweak this to see how the dependent variable responds.

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11
Q

Constant Factors

A

The constant factors are the things that do not change (pot size, amount of water, kind of soil…)

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12
Q

Connection between Biology and Chemistry

A

Atoms are the basic structural and organizational units of all matter – including living matter

Biological systems use chemical reactions to manipulate and process matter and energy

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13
Q

Basic Structure of the Atom

A

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.

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14
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged subatomic particles. Make up part of the nucleus of an atom

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15
Q

Neutrons

A

Neutral subatomic particles. Make up part of the nucleus of an atom

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16
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged subatomic particles that reach the speed of light. Flying around the outside of the nucleus.

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17
Q

Carbon

A
  • One of the big four
  • Capable of bonding 4 times to something else
  • 4 single bonds
  • 2 single and 1 double
  • 1 single and 1 triple
  • Forms long chain-like backbone or ring
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18
Q

Carbohydrate is to…

A

Saccharide

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19
Q

Protein is to…

A

Polymer

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20
Q

Lipid is to…

A

Fatty acid

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21
Q

Nucleic Acid is to…

A

Nucleotide

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22
Q

Polymers

A

Polymers are many monomers put together. Amino acids to protein. Polymers include Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.

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23
Q

Isotope

A

When the number of neutrons change within an atom.

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24
Q

Ion

A

When the number electrons change. It can either be negatively charged if the atom gains an electron. If it loses an electron, it will be positively charged.

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25
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
  • Structural role:
  • Energy role: Transport, Storage, and Glucose (ATP, the right amount of energy for work on the cellular level).
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26
Q

Proteins (A string of amino acids)

A
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur.
  • Amino Acids are the basic building blocks
  • Structural role: Cell membranes (help move things across cell membranes), animal tissues.
  • Motility (mobility role): Contraction and relaxation in the proteins).
  • Chemical communication (hormones (testosterone, estrogen, insulin (let the sugar in))).
  • Catalytic Role: Enzymes (increase the efficiency of chemical reactions)
  • Transport role: transports things across the cell membrane.
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27
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

- Information Storage: DNA (hydrogen bonds)

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28
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • Structure: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) This is a nucleotide
  • Function: Building block of nucleic acids
  • Nitrogen base
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29
Q

Biologically important elements

A
  • Small in size
  • Outer energy levels are generally not filled
  • Chemically reactive
  • Readily combine using covalent bonding to form large, complex molecules
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30
Q

Monomers

A

A single unit. “Mono” meaning one.

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31
Q

Molecules

A

At least two atoms bonded together (H2O)

32
Q

Relationship between atoms, monomers, and polymers

A

Atoms make molecules, a single molecule is a monomer, many monomers make a polymer. All monomers and polymers are molecules.

33
Q

Oxygen

A

-2 bonds possible

34
Q

Hydrogen

A

-One bond possibe

35
Q

Sulfur

A

-2 bonds possible

36
Q

Phosphorus

A

-Five bonds possible

37
Q

Nitrogen

A

-Three bonds possible

38
Q

Monosaccharide

A

One sugar molecule.

  • Glucose
  • Fuctose
  • Galactose
  • Ribose
39
Q

Saturated Fats

A
  • Solid at room temperature
  • Carbon atoms have all energy levels filled with covalent bonds with Hydrogen.
  • Maximum number of single bonds
40
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A
  • Liquid at room temperature because they are double bonded, making the structure bend in different ways, leaving room for air.
  • Some double bonds
41
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  • Afraid of water; insoluble in water

- Parts of membranes

42
Q

Lipids

A
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
  • Hydrophobic
  • Stores energy, waxy coverings, membranes
  • Fats: more energy storage than sugars, but weigh less
43
Q

Denaturation (Proteins)

A

Chemically or thermally breaking protein bonds (Covalent bonds?)

44
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A
  • Nucleotides: Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine
  • G and C always bond
  • T and A always bond
45
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A
  • Nucleotides: Guanine, adenine, Cytosine, Uracil
  • G always bonds to C
  • A always bonds to U
46
Q

Qualitative

A

-Characteristics (Color, touch…)

47
Q

Quantitative

A

-Measurable. (How much, how long…)

48
Q

Scientific Method (in order)

A

-Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion

49
Q

Hypothesis

A

Inductive reasoning: many individual facts that lead to a general conclusion. (Discovery)
Deductive reasoning: If this happens then this happens (general to specific). (Method verification)
-Hypotheses are testable!

50
Q

Conclusion

A
  • Conclusions should be repeatable (Peer review)

- Should communicate

51
Q

Falsification

A

Always being questioned. Nothing in science is absolute. Without falsification there would be no more scientific progress, because in science, we build of one another’s ideas.

52
Q

Characteristics of living organisms

A
  • Cells with structure
  • Homeostasis (Equilibrium)
  • Stimuli response (Pinch-ouch)
  • Use of resources and energy from enviroment
  • DOES IT GROW???
  • Reproduce themselves
  • Capacity to evolve
53
Q

Compound

A

When two or more elements are chemically bonded together.

54
Q

Element

A
  • Unable to divide and be the same thing
  • # of protons = atomic number
  • Mass= protons, neutrons, and electrons
55
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A
  • Temporary bonds
  • Polar bonds
  • Easily broken rather than ionic or covalent bonds
56
Q

Covalent bonds

A

The strongest, most common, electrically neutral. Shares electrons (Oxygen to hydrogen in H2O)

57
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Loss or gain of electron from ions to form a stable compound

58
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bond, slightly polar and therefore attractive to other slightly polar molecules (H2O molecules sticking to other H2O molecules)

59
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules stick together because of the hydrogen bonds. Water sticking to itself.

60
Q

Surface Tension

A

Resistance to being broken. Think of a water bug on the top of the water.

61
Q

Adhesion

A

Sticky to slightly charged surfaces

  • Allows plants to deliver water hundreds of feet against gravity
  • Allows water in plasma to be returned to the heart from your big toe…
62
Q

Water

A

Water is the universal solvent for life. (Ex. Kool-aid)

63
Q

Hydrophilic

A
  • Water loving
  • Molecules that are attracted to water
  • Many biological compounds
  • Parts of membranes
64
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells. This excludes viruses as being a kind of cell.
  • Cell is fundamental unit of life
  • Organisms made of one or more cells
65
Q

In the phospholipid bilayer, the (blank) are polar and the (Blank) are non polar

A

Phosphate heads; fatty tails

66
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • Separates the outside from the inside
  • Gatekeeper for materials
  • Communication with other cells
67
Q

Cell Membrane Function

A
  • Separate in from out (dynamic, fluid barrier)
  • Regulate materials in and out of cell (Diffusion, active transport)
  • Cell to cell communication
  • Maintain structure and chemical reactions
  • Protection, movement, secretion, and some transport.
68
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A
  • Bilayer of phospholipids
  • Not bonded together
  • Polar “head” (phosphate, hydrophobic)
  • Non-polar “tails” (fatty acid, hydrophilic) (Double bond makes it kink)
69
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • The stuff inside the cell, but outside the nucleus

- Enzyme and other protein synthesis happen

70
Q

Heredity

A
  • DNA as genetic material, not proteins

- All information to produce new proteins, new nuclei, new “daughter” cells

71
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Move to cytoplasm and build proteins
  • They are made of a small and large sub-units
72
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The framework inside the cytoplasm

73
Q

Chromosomes

A

Strands of DNA within nucleus

74
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosome factory

75
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Powerhouse of the cell
  • produce loads of ATP with or without oxygen
  • Mitochondria have their own DNA from mothers side
76
Q

Plant cells

A
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts (Contains chlorphyll where photosynthesis occurs)
  • Central vacuole (acts as a water pump, hazmat site, food storage, and pigment reserve)

Biology100 (1 decks)

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