Test 1 Flashcards
Primitive Earth Conditions
- No molecular Oxygen
- Energy rich environment
- A reducing chemical environment that favored the formation of large complex molecules
Stanley Miller Experiment
He basically recreated the primitive earth environment and his goal was to support abiogenesis. He was able to create non functional cells, but was able to conclude that it was possible to create cells.
Basic Characteristics of the first cells on earth
- Anaerobic (Oxygen avoiding)
- Prokaryotic (primitive cell type)
- Heterotrophic (obtained matter and energy by consuming spontaneously and abiotically produced organic molecules – abundant in the primitive earth environment)
Prokaryotes
Bacteria and Archea (Arche literally means old) Prokaryotes are primitive cell types.
- Small and primitive
- Simple Structure
- Cell division by binary fission (asexual)
- Some have flagella for movement
- Cell walls that promote shape
Eukaryotes
Plant, fungi, animals, and protists
- On average 10x larger that prokaryotic cells
- Complex organization
- Reproduction (both sexual and asexual)
- Cell division (Mitosis and Miosis)
General Scientific Method
-Observation
-Hypothesis
-Experimental Design
-Data
AND SO ON…
Control Group
The group that stays in normal conditions (Plants that still stay in the light)
Experimental Group
The group you draw conclusions from (The plants in the dark)
Dependent Variables
The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. What you measure in the experiment.
Independent Variables
This is controlled by the experimenter. You tweak this to see how the dependent variable responds.
Constant Factors
The constant factors are the things that do not change (pot size, amount of water, kind of soil…)
Connection between Biology and Chemistry
Atoms are the basic structural and organizational units of all matter – including living matter
Biological systems use chemical reactions to manipulate and process matter and energy
Basic Structure of the Atom
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.
Protons
Positively charged subatomic particles. Make up part of the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons
Neutral subatomic particles. Make up part of the nucleus of an atom
Electrons
Negatively charged subatomic particles that reach the speed of light. Flying around the outside of the nucleus.
Carbon
- One of the big four
- Capable of bonding 4 times to something else
- 4 single bonds
- 2 single and 1 double
- 1 single and 1 triple
- Forms long chain-like backbone or ring
Carbohydrate is to…
Saccharide
Protein is to…
Polymer
Lipid is to…
Fatty acid
Nucleic Acid is to…
Nucleotide
Polymers
Polymers are many monomers put together. Amino acids to protein. Polymers include Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
Isotope
When the number of neutrons change within an atom.
Ion
When the number electrons change. It can either be negatively charged if the atom gains an electron. If it loses an electron, it will be positively charged.
Carbohydrates
- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
- Structural role:
- Energy role: Transport, Storage, and Glucose (ATP, the right amount of energy for work on the cellular level).
Proteins (A string of amino acids)
- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur.
- Amino Acids are the basic building blocks
- Structural role: Cell membranes (help move things across cell membranes), animal tissues.
- Motility (mobility role): Contraction and relaxation in the proteins).
- Chemical communication (hormones (testosterone, estrogen, insulin (let the sugar in))).
- Catalytic Role: Enzymes (increase the efficiency of chemical reactions)
- Transport role: transports things across the cell membrane.
Nucleic Acids
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Information Storage: DNA (hydrogen bonds)
Nucleotides
- Structure: ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) This is a nucleotide
- Function: Building block of nucleic acids
- Nitrogen base
Biologically important elements
- Small in size
- Outer energy levels are generally not filled
- Chemically reactive
- Readily combine using covalent bonding to form large, complex molecules
Monomers
A single unit. “Mono” meaning one.
Molecules
At least two atoms bonded together (H2O)
Relationship between atoms, monomers, and polymers
Atoms make molecules, a single molecule is a monomer, many monomers make a polymer. All monomers and polymers are molecules.
Oxygen
-2 bonds possible
Hydrogen
-One bond possibe
Sulfur
-2 bonds possible
Phosphorus
-Five bonds possible
Nitrogen
-Three bonds possible
Monosaccharide
One sugar molecule.
- Glucose
- Fuctose
- Galactose
- Ribose
Saturated Fats
- Solid at room temperature
- Carbon atoms have all energy levels filled with covalent bonds with Hydrogen.
- Maximum number of single bonds
Unsaturated Fats
- Liquid at room temperature because they are double bonded, making the structure bend in different ways, leaving room for air.
- Some double bonds
Hydrophobic
- Afraid of water; insoluble in water
- Parts of membranes
Lipids
- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
- Hydrophobic
- Stores energy, waxy coverings, membranes
- Fats: more energy storage than sugars, but weigh less
Denaturation (Proteins)
Chemically or thermally breaking protein bonds (Covalent bonds?)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- Nucleotides: Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine
- G and C always bond
- T and A always bond
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
- Nucleotides: Guanine, adenine, Cytosine, Uracil
- G always bonds to C
- A always bonds to U
Qualitative
-Characteristics (Color, touch…)
Quantitative
-Measurable. (How much, how long…)
Scientific Method (in order)
-Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion
Hypothesis
Inductive reasoning: many individual facts that lead to a general conclusion. (Discovery)
Deductive reasoning: If this happens then this happens (general to specific). (Method verification)
-Hypotheses are testable!
Conclusion
- Conclusions should be repeatable (Peer review)
- Should communicate
Falsification
Always being questioned. Nothing in science is absolute. Without falsification there would be no more scientific progress, because in science, we build of one another’s ideas.
Characteristics of living organisms
- Cells with structure
- Homeostasis (Equilibrium)
- Stimuli response (Pinch-ouch)
- Use of resources and energy from enviroment
- DOES IT GROW???
- Reproduce themselves
- Capacity to evolve
Compound
When two or more elements are chemically bonded together.
Element
- Unable to divide and be the same thing
- # of protons = atomic number
- Mass= protons, neutrons, and electrons
Hydrogen bonds
- Temporary bonds
- Polar bonds
- Easily broken rather than ionic or covalent bonds
Covalent bonds
The strongest, most common, electrically neutral. Shares electrons (Oxygen to hydrogen in H2O)
Ionic Bonds
Loss or gain of electron from ions to form a stable compound
Hydrogen bonds
Weak bond, slightly polar and therefore attractive to other slightly polar molecules (H2O molecules sticking to other H2O molecules)
Cohesion
Water molecules stick together because of the hydrogen bonds. Water sticking to itself.
Surface Tension
Resistance to being broken. Think of a water bug on the top of the water.
Adhesion
Sticky to slightly charged surfaces
- Allows plants to deliver water hundreds of feet against gravity
- Allows water in plasma to be returned to the heart from your big toe…
Water
Water is the universal solvent for life. (Ex. Kool-aid)
Hydrophilic
- Water loving
- Molecules that are attracted to water
- Many biological compounds
- Parts of membranes
Cell Theory
- All cells come from pre-existing cells. This excludes viruses as being a kind of cell.
- Cell is fundamental unit of life
- Organisms made of one or more cells
In the phospholipid bilayer, the (blank) are polar and the (Blank) are non polar
Phosphate heads; fatty tails
Plasma membrane
- Separates the outside from the inside
- Gatekeeper for materials
- Communication with other cells
Cell Membrane Function
- Separate in from out (dynamic, fluid barrier)
- Regulate materials in and out of cell (Diffusion, active transport)
- Cell to cell communication
- Maintain structure and chemical reactions
- Protection, movement, secretion, and some transport.
Phospholipid Bilayer
- Bilayer of phospholipids
- Not bonded together
- Polar “head” (phosphate, hydrophobic)
- Non-polar “tails” (fatty acid, hydrophilic) (Double bond makes it kink)
Cytoplasm
- The stuff inside the cell, but outside the nucleus
- Enzyme and other protein synthesis happen
Heredity
- DNA as genetic material, not proteins
- All information to produce new proteins, new nuclei, new “daughter” cells
Ribosomes
- Protein synthesis
- Move to cytoplasm and build proteins
- They are made of a small and large sub-units
Cytoskeleton
The framework inside the cytoplasm
Chromosomes
Strands of DNA within nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosome factory
Mitochondria
- Powerhouse of the cell
- produce loads of ATP with or without oxygen
- Mitochondria have their own DNA from mothers side
Plant cells
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts (Contains chlorphyll where photosynthesis occurs)
- Central vacuole (acts as a water pump, hazmat site, food storage, and pigment reserve)
