TEST 1 Flashcards
Chapter 1-4
What is Homogomy?
Marrying someone with similar interests
Kinds of Marriage
Monogomy, Polygomy/Polygyny, Cenogamy
What is Polygomy/Polygyny?
one husband multiple wives (benefits: childcare, less adultery, friends for women, maybe extra income) polyandry/(Tibet)—one wife multiple husbands, usually one woman who marries brothers (so land is not divided)
What is Cenogamy?
group marriage, mostly primitive tribal cultures
Which marriage type is most common in the US?
Monogomy (Modified polygomy)
Family
two or more people related by birth, marriage or adoption, residing in the same unit (US Census Bureau, 2005)
Household
all people who occupy a housing unit, regardless of a relationship.
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach
Micro, Meso, Exo, and Macrosystems
Family Development Theory
Families go through different stages and adapt to those changes (analogous to child development);
Conflict Theory
Conflict occurs, perhaps as a struggle over resources, and this leads to inequalities. This occurs at both familial and societal levels
• Evidence today in male/female relationships (housework, divorce, feminization of property)
Family Systems Theory
Families function like an ecological system (similar to structural functionalism)
• Families have boundaries who is in/out of family, what information passes boundaries etc.
• Native-Americans/African-Americans and extended families—families try to maintain homeostasis.
Symbolic Interaction Theory
How people form/share meanings in communication efforts: determined in part by social roles (wife, mother, daughter, sister
• Meanings can include “myths” (We are “happy” family) to maintain the family
•“Ugly critter”
Social Exchange Theory
Based on notions that people tend to maximize their rewards, minimize the costs in the relationships.
• Rewards: security, companionship, love
• Costs: drama, economics, personal time
Structural Functionalism
Looks at how societies, families work, emphasizing gender-based role specialization, which is viewed as necessary to promote family equilibrium
• Focuses too much on nuclear, heterosexual families; also, functions that structures serve are not always clear.
What is “traditional” marriage? (6)
According to Coontz, marriage was traditionally not about love by about:
Safety
Political Alliances
For Offspring: Land, Labor
Collaborative Work
Often arranged—even in the United States
Only very recently (post industrialization) has most marriage in the US been about love.
Poverty Rates
Poverty rates have risen dramatically in the last 10+ years; Poverty threshold for a family of 4 is about $20,000
In the 1950s, what increased for women?
rates of alcoholism, substance abuse (anxiolytics) and entrance into mental hospitals increased for white women who were stay-at-home moms.
Contemporary Families
- Age of marriage has increased; % marrying decreased
- Birthrates have decreased
- Rates of single parenthood have increased for most ethnic groups
- Cohabitation has increased
- Divorce rates between 40-50%, viewed as normal
Latino
o May or may not be recent immigrants (Texas, NM, California)
o Land in those areas taken away, cyclical deportations (depending on economy)
o Strong emphasis on family (including extended), religion, and respect
o Patriarchal—male dominant society
o Recent immigrants often young, uneducated, unskilled
5 Characteristics of Asian American
o Perceived as “model minority”—educated, higher SES o Collectivism (the goose who honks get shot) o Patriarchal o Childrearing characterized by demands for respect, obedience, little praise o Traditionally, arranged marriages
Four Characteristics of Middle Easterner
o Strong emphasis on family, children, and religion
o Patriarchal
o Arranged or assisted marriages
o Historically primarily Christian in US (from Lebanon), but now majority is becoming Muslim
African American
Influenced by generations of slavery followed by segregation and discrimination
3 Strengths of African American Families
- Multigenerational and extended families
- Strong religious ties
- Commitment to family and community
Biggest Issue with African American Families
Issues include single parenthood, lack of available male partners for women (incarceration, low rates of graduation), poverty—though growing middle class
Gender
a sociocultural construction—what it means to be male/female in a particular society, during a particular time.
Sex
whether male/female biologically speaking
Gender Roles
the roles we are expected to perform as a result of being male or female—as part of this can have both attitudes and behaviors.
Androgyny
person has traits, behaviors typically associated with other genders or a blend of stereotypical masculine and feminine traits
Social Learning Theory
Children learn gender roles through socialization process: consequences for behavior, imitation, observations.
Cognitive Development Theory
Once children understand permanency of their gender, they strive to adopt the appropriate gender roles . They do this for “internal congruence”
Channeling
When a parent directs a child more towards gender corrrect toys
Mother/Father differences toward son vs. daughter–
Dad’s more rigid; set higher academic standards for boys and encourage exploration. Both Moms and Dads do more “interpersonal” talk with daughters.
Different GENDERS in school–
Historically more problematic for girls, especially in math and science (teacher responses)
• Changing as girls have begun to outperform males
• Now, boys face more discipline, more of teacher’s anger; worst for African American males
Peers role with GENDER–
Children can be quite rigid about gender roles through elementary school. In adolescence, peers important but parents can be more influential
Role of popular culture/media in GENDER–
Even on Sesame Street, 84% of all characters are male.
•Storybooks, males more likely to be given outdoor active role, women are more passive, indoor roles; beauty, purity, nurturing emphasized in females; strength and bravery in males.
Socialization
In general, females are depicted as younger, thin and attractive more often than males
Traditional POSITIVE female (3)
- Longer life expectancy
- Stronger relationship focus
- Closer bonding with kids
NEGATIVE female (5)
- Less income and feminization of poverty: female head of household $26,500; male head $62,280
- Negative body image
- Violence toward women
- *Women tend to report lower marital satisfaction
- Higher rates of depression
Traditional POSITIVE male (5)
- Freedom of movement
- Greater pool of potential partners
- Norm of initiating a relationship
- Higher status pay
- Identity tied to work
NEGATIVE male (4)
- Limited expression of emotions
- Fear of intimacy
- Custody disadvantages
- Shorter life expectancy
5 Characteristics of Intimacy
- Presence of love and/or affection
- Personal validation
- Trust
- Self-disclosure
- Sense that we are wanted/needed
- Warmth, kindness, and openness
What would you think the 8 stages over the lifespan would be?
- Beginning of the family
- Childbearing family
- Family with preschool children
- Family with adolescents
- Family as launching center
- Family in middle years
- Aging family
Example of conflict theory?
Men exploited women to gain resources, power
Outcome=What?
Rewards-Cost=OUTCOME
What is the cause of feminization of poverty?
Due to single-parenthood, divorce, widowhood and pay scales
Poverty in the US & AL
In some Alabama counties, poverty rates approach 50% and poverty among children is widespread.
Compared to other industrialized nations, US has less support for health care, paid parental/family leave, and child care.
Attachment Theory
attachment style with parent(s) is associated with the quality of later romantic relationships
o Attachment is based on a sense of safety and security child has when young—and this is determined by the sensitivity, warmth and responsiveness of caregivers
Types of Attachment–SECURE
warm, responsive, synchronous relationship with parent as child; translates to trusting others, allowing others to get close, develop warm, loving relationships
Types of Attachment–AMBIVALENT
anxious parent provided inconsistent care; translates to insecure, clingy, needs lots of reassurance, often jealous (also called preoccupied)
Types of Attachment–AVOIDANT
parent(s) uninvolved, acted as if child were a burden
Two Types of AVOIDANT PARENTS
- Fearful—where individuals avoid intimacy because of fears of rejection or relying too much on others.
- Dismissing—feel intimacy is not worth the trouble
Erikson’s Theory on Love
as infants, develop a sense of trust or mistrust depending on parental responsiveness
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory
- Intimacy-closeness, connectedness, etc. (NOT SEXUAL)
- Passion-physical attraction, romantic feelings
- Commitment-the decision that you’re in love and the commitment to maintain the love
Types of Love–NONLOVE
in relationship where there is physical, emotional or sexual violence; or because of attachment for financial reasons, fear, fulfillment of neurotic needs.
Types of Love–LIKING
Intimacy only.
INFATUATION
Passion only–often asymetrical
FATUOUS
Passion+Commitment (Based on sex)
ROMANTIC
Passion+Intimacy
CONSUMMATE
Passion+Intimacy+commitment
COMPASSIONATE
Intimacy+Commitment
EMPTY LOVE
Commitment only.
Lee’s Typology–EROS
Intensity of both emotional and sexual feelings; most common type of love among college students; often monogamous
Lee’s Typology–LUDUS
Game player—often a characteristic of those involved in hookups, but overall, not that common among college students
Lee’s Typology–STORGE
Companionate or friendship love—calm, soothing, not especially high in passion; can endure long distance relationship
Lee’s Typology–MANIC/MANIA
Intense emotion, sexual passion, frenzied, hectic, chaotic; go from extreme highs to lows; extreme jealousy to the point of stalking
Lee’s Typology–PRAGMA
Practical and logical, weighs costs and benefits
Lee’s Typology–AGAPE
Selflessness and giving, without expecting anything in return; like parent-child relationship, but could be romantic couples as well.
Verbal Appellation
When a parent describe the same behaviors differently (scared vs angry) for a boy or girl.
Active Exposure
Girls–inside chores; boys–outdoor chores
