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Hawaii > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Stationary Hotspot model

A

Pacific plate moved northwest over stationary hotspot creating island chain.

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2
Q

Mobile hotspot theory

A

Southward moving hotspot supported by paleolatitude studies- decrease in latitude as rock becomes younger.

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3
Q

Hotspot

A

Exceptionally hot long lasting volcanic region generated by underlying mantle magma often thought to be catalyzed by tectonic plate movement.

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4
Q

Mantle plumes

A

Upwelling of hot mantle rock largely due to density differences that are the source of hot spots.

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5
Q

Age of Big Island/ trend of volcano ages in chain

A

.

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6
Q

Know locations of volcanoes on Big Island of Hawai’i

A

SEE MAP

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7
Q

Elevations of 3 largest volcanoes on Big Island

A

Mauna Kea- 13,796; Mauna Loa- 13,677; Hualalai- 8,271

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8
Q

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

A

Located on rim of Kilauea Caldera on the Big Island. Initiated to study active volcanoes on the Big Island for safety. Originally directed by Thomas A. Jagger.

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9
Q

Kilauea structure

A

Subaerial surface is in the form of a gently sloping, elongate, decentralized shield.

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10
Q

Kilauea’s summit features

A

Kilauea summit cauldera and Halemaumau crater.

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11
Q

Other important Kilauea features

A

Eastern and southwestern rift zones.

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12
Q

Hawai’i

A

Biggest island of Hawaiian volcanic chain.

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13
Q

Hilo

A

Largest settlement on Hawaii.

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14
Q

Kilauea

A

Shield volcano- most active on Hawaii- southern shore. 4,096

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15
Q

Mauna Loa

A

Largest subaerial (mass and volume) on earth. Second most active shield volcano with relatively gentle slopes. 13,677

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16
Q

Mauna Kea

A

Dormant volcano and highest point in State of Hawaii. Northern part of Big Island. 13,796

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17
Q

Hualalai

A

Third youngest and third most active on Hawai’i. Western part of island. 8,271

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18
Q

Kohala

A

Oldest volcano on Hawai’i- shield volcano- gorges cut by extensive erosion.

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19
Q

Loihi

A

Submarine volcano located of southeast coast of Hawai’i Lies on flank of Mauna Loa.

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20
Q

Pu ‘ u ‘ O o

A

Largest volcanic cone in the eastern rift zone of the Kīlauea volcano of the Hawaiian Islands- main vent

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21
Q

Mauna Ulu

A

A large eruption of Kilauea- longest lasting flank eruption of Hawaiian history.

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22
Q

Summit Caldera

A

Formed at the summit of a volcano either by an eruption or by subsidence of land into a magma chamber.

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23
Q

HVO

A

Hawaiian Volcano Observatory- monitors Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, Hualālai, and Haleakalā. Implemented to study active volcanoes in close proximity without being in extremely dangerous conditions.

24
Q

Halema ‘ uma ‘ u Crater

A

Pit crater located within the much larger summit caldera of Kīlauea. Active crater containing a lava lake.

25
Q

Lava Lake

A

Large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression

26
Q

Pit Crater

A

Depression formed by a sinking or collapse of the surface lying above a void or empty chamber, rather than by the eruption of a volcano or lava vent.

27
Q

Kilauea Iki Crater

A

Pit crater which is next to the main summit caldera of Kīlauea.

28
Q

Makaopuhi Crater

A

Largest pit crater on Kilauea.

29
Q

Types of eruptions

A

Fissure eruptions, lava fountains, spatter cones, cinder cones, phreatomagmatic

30
Q

Types of lava flows

A

Aa and pahoehoe.

31
Q

Lava flow vs. stream network

A

Viscosity differences causes different patterns and solidification. Chemical makeup causes crystalization differences.

32
Q

Active vs. inactive lava lakes

A

Active- develop at summit or flanks of volcano, top of column of lava
Inactive- stagnant and do not sit at top of column

33
Q

Conductive cooling

A

Initial symetric cooling followed by faster cooling of upper crust.

34
Q

Solidification time equation

A

t=L2/4b2k; t is time, L is half thickness of sheet, k is thermal diffusivity= .01, b is factor depending on temp differences of magma and wall

35
Q

Lava flow thickness equation

A

Volume of total magma/Land area covered.

36
Q

Kilauea lava compostions

A

Basaltic shield volcano- tholeiite type of basalt containing mostly mafic minerals- commonly olivine. CaO, MgO, TiO2.

37
Q

Kilauea lava temperature and viscosity

A

1150-1170 degrees Celsius and low viscosity causes lava to travel greater distances.

38
Q

Viscosity and crystallinity r-ship

A

Higher the viscosity greater the crystallinity

39
Q

Critical Crystallinity

A

Point at which lava will crystallize due to mineral/chemical anisotropy.

40
Q

Factors that determine Aa vs. pahoehoe textures

A

Aa generally form in open channel and pahoehoe form in insulated tubes. Also- high effusion rate causes Aa and low causes pahoehoe.

41
Q

Lava tube formation

A

Stationary solid crust must be present over fluid lava.

42
Q

Lava flow inflation

A

Low slopes because they advance more slowly. Upslope lava can advance at a higher rate than the flow front.

43
Q

Volcanic gases

A

Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)

44
Q

Magma Chamber Model

A

Fractional crystallization (commonly olivine first) and gravitational settling to bottom of chamber- melt is more felsic. Bottom remelts and causes to become mafic again.

45
Q

Problems with magma chamber model

A

Magma chamber forms by instantaneous emplacement of magma at liquidus temperature; Assumed to be roughly spherical or ellipsoidal; Assumed to be cooler at top and hotter at bottom; Crystallization near roof and settle toward bottom.

46
Q

Bowens reaction series

A

DRAW IT OUT.

47
Q

Formation of Kilauea Iki lava lake

A

1959 Eruption: 1) Empty crater lying above magma body. 2) 30 million cubic meters drawn from body into crater. 3) Crater drained down to 8 million cubic meters. 4) Eruption ended leaving a net 38 million cubic meters in crater.

48
Q

Solidification front

A

Zone where molten magma/lava crystallizes when in contact with cold wall rock.

49
Q

Zones within an SF

A

Rigid crust, mush, capture front, suspension, crystal free magma

50
Q

Why does SF inhibit crystal settling

A

Crystals growing in the suspension zone are too small to settle. By the time crystals grow large, they are trapped within the SF and cannot seIle.

51
Q

Rheology of SF

A

Gradient of solid wall rock to crystal free magma.

52
Q

Sudbury Igneous Complex

A

Initial- superheated melt with instantaneous emplacement. Final- No fractional crystallization or settling and heterogenous layers.

53
Q

Marshian magma chamber model

A

Spherical magma body with solidification fronts.??

54
Q

Ferrar Dolerite Sills

A

Decreasing intrusive age. Basement sill includes tongues of opx while peneplain does not.

55
Q

Hawaiian Lava Lakes

A

.

56
Q

Peneplain vs Basement sill

A

Peneplain has lower MgO content

Hawaii (1 decks)

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