Test 1 Flashcards
- Increase vocabulary
- authentic language use
- listen to and recognize sounds
- repetition, rhyme, and rhythm
- play with words
- appreciate language
- figurative language
- dramatic and creative play
Literature Supports Language Development
- Observing
- Comparing
- Classifying
- Hypothesizing
- Organizing
- Summarizing
- Applying and responding
- Criticizing
Literature Supports Cognitive Development
Infancy: trust vs. mistrust Toddler: autonomy vs. shame and doubt Preschool: initiative vs. guilt Elementary School: industry vs. inferiority Adolescence: Identity vs. isolation Young Adult: intimacy vs. isolation Middle Age: generatively vs. stagnation Retirement years: integrity vs. despair
Literature Supports Personality Development
Occurs when children learn the ways of their groups so they can function acceptably within those groups
Socialization
Acquiring moral standards and developing the concepts of right and wrong
Moral Development
- Factors within readers
- Factors within texts
- Responses
- Analyzing responses
- The role of motivation
Children Respond to Literature
- Long before recorded history, families and tribes shard their group traditions and values through stories told around the campfire.
- These folktales and mythologies speculated about human beginnings, attempted to explain the origins of the universe and other natural phenomena, emphasized ethical truths, and transmitted history from one generation to the next.
Milestones in the History of Children’s Literature
- Reached its climax in the feudal era of the Middle Ages.
- In castles, minstrels, or bards, accompanied by harps and lyres, sang about noble warriors, such as King Arthur, or ballads of chivalrous love in regal surroundings, such as in the French version of Cinderella.
- Humbler people had different heroes and told stories about people like themselves. People who went from “rags to riches.”
- Storytellers of medieval Europe were entertainers.
The European Oral Tradition
- Prior to the mid-1400s, the literary heritage of Europe consisted of the oral tradition and parchment manuscripts which had been handwritten by monks and scribes
- These manuscripts were very rare and very expensive, so only nobles and priests owned them.
Early Printed Books
- 1450s: Johannes Gutenberg (German) discovered a method for using movable metal type which made possible the mass production of books.
- 1476: After learning of Gutenberg’s process, William Caxton (English) established England’s first printing press.
- The use of printing presses led to the creation of Hornbooks.
- Hornbooks: printed sheets of text mounted on wood and covered with translucent animal horn.
Early Printed Books Cont.
- Hornbooks remained popular for the next 300 years!
- 1700s: the battledore became more prevalent.
- The battledore was a lesson book made of folded paper on cardboard.
- Battledores contained an alphabet, numerals, and proverbs or prayers.
Early Printed Books Cont.
- When Caxton opened his printing business in 1476, most of the books used with children were not written for their interest.
- All books for children adhered to the belief that children should read only what would improve their manners or instruct their minds.
- Caxton published books, but most were not meant to be read by children.
- His books were beautiful, but were too expensive for the common person, so peddlers, or chapmen, sold crudely printed chapbooks. (Basically knock-offs of the expensive ones)
Early Printed books cont.
- Political upheaval, religious dissent, and censorship affected English lit in the 1600s.
- As printing increased and literacy spread, the British monarchy realized the power of the press.
- “The story of children’s reading in Americans begins with the Puritans.” (MacLeod, 1995)
- By the 1640s, Massachusetts Law required heads of families to teach their children and apprentices to read. (Too bad this is not still a law today)
The Puritan Influence
- English Philosopher who envisioned the child’s mind at birth as a “tabula rasa,” a blank slate (page) on which ideas are imprinted.
- He believed that children who could read should be provided with easy, pleasant books suited to their capacities.
- His attitude provided a glimmer of hope that children might be permitted to go through a period of childhood.
John Locke
Kate Greenaway’s tenderness in her pictures from the “enchanted land of childhood”
Early Illustrations of Children’s Books
Known for the humor, vitality, and movement in his illustrations
Randolph Caldecott
An award given annually to the illustrator of a children’s book. Is named after this author
Caldecott Medal
Author: Randolph Caldecott
As defined by Webster’s New World Dictionary, 2008 edition is, “an official with the power to examine publications, movies, television programs, etc. and to remove or prohibit anything considered obscene, libelous, or politically objectionable.”
-What is considered obscene, libelous, or objectionable changes, however, with various time periods and with political and social attitudes.
Censor
- Has always existed, but the criteria for proposing that books be banned shifts with social trends.
- Award-winning books and even textbooks have come under scrutiny because they challenge someone or some group’s beliefs.
- As a rule, if a book has great literary merit, AND you have read the book in its entirety, AND you have informed the parents of what might be considered objectionable, then by all means use it.
Censorship
- Published a book called “Tales of Mother Goose” in 17th century France.
- These tales were not the Mother Goose rhymes we all know.
- Instead they were well-known fairy tales.
- He did not create these, he retold stories from the French Oral Tradition.
- He is credited with being one of the first writers to recognize that fairy tales have special place in the world of children.
Charles Perrault
- The 1740s are commonly regarded as the time when the idea of children’s books began in Europe and North America.
- B/c people had the time, money and education necessary for reading, books became more important.
- a realization occurred during this time period that children should be children rather than small adults.
- He admired Locke’s philosophy, was an advocate for a milder way of educating children.
- He was a writer and publisher who began publishing a line of books for children.
- B/c of his success as a writer, publishers realized that there was a market for children’s books.
John Newbery
Named after John Newbery, is given annually to the outstanding author of a children’s literature selection.
Newbery Award
He believed that children could and should develop naturally, with gentle guidance from wise adults who can supply the necessary information.
He stressed the importance of experiences in harmony with children’s natural development physically and mentally.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
In the Early 1800s, two German scholars, ________ and _________, collected folktales that reflected the ancient German language and tradition.
Jacob and Wilhelmina Grimm
The Grimm’s first edition of tales was published in 1812 and contained _____ stories.
85
Their second edition was published in 1815 and was designed more for _______.
Children
In 1823, the Grimm Brothers’ stories were translated into _______.
English
Is credited with being the first to create and publish an original fairy tale.
Hans Christian Anderson
Anderson is most known for “The Ugly Duckling”, “The Little Mermaid,” and ____ _____ ____.
The Red Shoes
