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bio 130 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genomics

A

The study of organization, function and evolution of genomes

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2
Q

Where are human genomes found

A

The nucleus

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3
Q

What are open reading frames

A

codons in a gene that encode the amino acid of the gene

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4
Q

What starts an open reading frame

A

Promotor

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5
Q

What is the human genome project

A

A project designed to publish the entire sequence of the human genome

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6
Q

What years the the HGP run

A

1990s-2003

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7
Q

What did the HGP accomplish

A

Basic sequence of human genome 3x10^9

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8
Q

what are introns

A

parts of an amino acid sequence that are dropped from translation…found between eons

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9
Q

what are exons

A

nucleotide sequence that remains in sequence through translation

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10
Q

alternative splicing

A

introns are dropped and exons are used to make protein

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11
Q

what is a gene and how many are in the human genome

A
  • most basic unit of genetics

- approx 20-25000

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12
Q

What does non-gene dna do

A

it is unclear what it does

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13
Q

why are only 450/1700 b-hemoglobin genes expressed

A

when introns are dropped you are left with hemoglobin

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14
Q

What is the process of making rna called and where is it done

A

In the nucleus

-transcription

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15
Q

what are the inputs of transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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16
Q

What are the outputs of transcription

A

polypeptides

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17
Q

after RNA is made what is the process that follows

A

translation

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18
Q

what are the products of these processes used for

A

differentiating different cells

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19
Q

What is the largest and smallest chromosome

A

1=largest

21=smallest

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20
Q

What is the largest class of genes

A

the unknown sector

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21
Q

What is a genetic map of human chromosomes

A

order of chromosomes and showing distance between them

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22
Q

how is a genetic map made

A

by probes which let us know specific genes

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23
Q

where does transcription take place and what is it

A

DNA-> RNA

-in the nucleus

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24
Q

where does translation take place and what is it

A

RNA->proteins

In the cytoplasm

25
Q

which part of cell acts as barrier to genome and cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

26
Q

which features of organism make up its karyotype

A

number, size, centromere location

27
Q

male karyotype

A

22 pairs of autosomes xx

28
Q

female karyotype

A

22 pairs of autosomes xy

29
Q

homologous chromsome

A

xx

30
Q

non-homologous chromsome

A

xy

31
Q

what is an autosome

A

any non sex chromosome

32
Q

how many chromosome haploid sets are in karyotype

A

23

33
Q

how many dna strands are in diploid

A

46

34
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
thiamine
guanine
cytosine

35
Q

what is held with covalent bonds in dna

A

deoxyribose sugars

phosphates

36
Q

what is held with hydrogen bonds in dna

A

nitrogenous bases

37
Q

what creates the acidic features in dna

A

phosphate ions

38
Q

what are nucleotides

A

phosphate sugar bases

39
Q

what are polynucleotides

A

more than one nucleotide held together with bases

40
Q

how does acidic nature influence linear structure

A

negative charge to phosphate repels dna

41
Q

what bonds hold dna together

A

hydrogen bonds

42
Q

how would you break apart bonds, whats this called

A

denaturalization

-heat to 60 degrees celsius

43
Q

how is double stranded dna conserved during semi conservative replication

A

dna splits in 2 creating 2 templates

44
Q

how does dna polymerase effect the replication

A

it uses the templates and copys them

45
Q

what is the distance between base pairs

A

.34nm

46
Q

how wide is the staircase and what is the diameter of the staircase

A

2nm

47
Q

total length of human haploid genome…and diploid

A

1 meter

2 meters

48
Q

how many base pairs are in haploid genome…diploid?

A

3.2 billion hap

6 billion dip

49
Q

what is the total length of dna in the body

A

10-50 billion miles

50
Q

how many times can your dna go to the sun and back

A

70

51
Q

what can all your dna fit i

A

an ice cube

52
Q

what is the molecular composition of chromosomes

A

50% dna-50% protein

53
Q

non mitotic interphase

A

not condensed

-nuclear envelope present

54
Q

mitotic interphase

A

condensed

-nuclear envelope not present

55
Q

what is chromosome territory

A

every chromosome has its place so it can be compact

56
Q

what is metacentric

A

having equal arms

57
Q

submetacentric

A

short arms (P) with long arms (Q)

58
Q

acrocentric

A

balls on top with short legs

bio 130 (1 decks)

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