Test 1

Question 1

Voltaire

Answer 1

Greatest figure of the enlightenment, achieved his first success as a playwright. A philosophe, Voltaire was well known for his criticism of traditional religion and his support of his religious toleration.

Question 2

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 2

Began a revolution in astronomy when he argued that the sun and not the Earth was at the center of the Universe. His famous book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was finally published in May 1543.

Question 3

Edict of Nantes

Answer 3

Issued in 1598 acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France but guaranteed the Huguenots the right to worship in selected places in every district and allowed them to retain a number of towns for protection. Huguenots still allowed to enjoy all political privileges, such as holding public office.

Question 4

Louis XIV of France

Answer 4

The reign of France’s Louis XIV (1638-1718), known as the Sun King, lasted for 72 years, longer than that of any other known European sovereign. he transformed the monarchy, ushered in a golden age of art and literature, presided over a dazzling royal court at Versailles, annexed key territories and established his country as the dominant European power. During the final decades of Louis XIV’s rule, France was weakened by several lengthy wars that drained its resources and the mass exodus of its Protestant population following the king’s revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

Question 5

East India Company

Answer 5

The British East India Company (1600–1858) was originally a private company granted a trade monopoly with the East Indies by Queen Elizabeth I. Its success in extracting concessions from native rulers eventually led to its control over much of modern India between 1757 and 1858.

Question 6

Salons

Answer 6

gatherings of philosophes and other notables to discuss the ideas of the enlightenment; so called from the elegant drawing rooms where they met.

Question 7

Baroque Style

Answer 7

a style of art, music, and architecture from 17th Century Italy. Known for its use of dramatic effects to heighten emotional intensity.

Question 8

Henry IV of France

Answer 8

Raised a Protestant, he became heir to the French throne through his marriage to Margaret of Valois, but was challenged during a time of religious strife. Despite converting to Catholicism after becoming king of France in 1589, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to foster religious tolerance.

Question 9

War of Austrian Succession

Answer 9

1740-1748 the war was fought in Europe but also in the East and North America. The peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle promised to return all occupied territories except Seilesia to their original owners.

Question 10

Serfdom

Answer 10

Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.

Question 11

Denis Diderot

Answer 11

freelance writer, his most famous contribution to the Enlightenment was his Encyclopedia. Condemned Christianity as fanatical and unreasonable.

Question 12

René Descartes

Answer 12

views as the founder of modern rationalism and modern philosophy because he believed that human beings could understand the world - itself a mechanical system- by the same rational principles inherent in mathematical thinking. made an important connection between geometry and algebra, which allowed for the solving of geometrical problems by way of algebraic equations.

Question 13

James I of England

Answer 13

grow up royally but understood little about the laws, institutions and customs of English. He espoused the divine rights of kings, the belief that kings receive their power directly from God and are responsible to no one except God. This viewpoint alienated Parliament.

Question 14

The Hohenzollerns

Answer 14

The evolution of Brandenburg into a powerful state was largely the work of the Hohenzollern dynasty. 1609 inherited lands in the Rhine valley, nine years later received Prussia. By the seventeenth century consisted of three discounted masses in western, central, and eastern Germany.

Question 15

Mercantilism

Answer 15

an economic theory that held that a nation’s prosperity depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. Its adherents therefore advocated that the government play an active role in the economy by encourage.

Question 16

Philosophes

Answer 16

Intellectuals of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, including religion, and politics, and who focused on improving and enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife.

Question 17

Michel de Montaine

Answer 17

Michel de Montaigne was a 16th century French author who developed the essay as a literary genre. His first two books of essays were published in 1580. Both before and after his death, Montaigne’s essays were widely read. His beliefs—such as his skepticism and cultural relativism—sparked both discussion and criticism. Many writers and philosophers were influenced

Question 18

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 18

refers to the pair of treaties (the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück) The peace as a whole is often used by historians to mark the beginning of the modern era. Each ruler would have the right to determine their state’s religion—thus, in law, Protestantism and Catholicism were equal. The texts of the two treaties are largely identical and deal with the internal affairs of the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 19

Constitutionalism

Answer 19

Constitutionalism is the idea, often associated with the political theories of John Locke and the founders of the American republic, that government can and should be legally limited in its powers, and that its authority or legitimacy depends on its observing these limitations

Question 20

Laissez-Faire

Answer 20

“let (them) do (as they please)” An Ecomonic Doctrine that holds that an ecomony is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self regulate according to the forces of supply and demand.