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PTRS 826 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

devices for CHF

A

bi ventricular pacing ICD Intraaortic balloon pump left ventricular assistive device

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2
Q

STEMI indicates

A

occlusion in a large vessel and large at risk is a cardiac emergency

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3
Q

rarest form of cardiomyopathy hast the worst prognosis does not appear to be inherited characterized by diastolic dysfunction

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

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4
Q

home care PT for CHF

A

flexibility, cycle ergometry and walking 20-60 min, 3-7 d/wk, 2-6 mo, 50-80 % of peak cycle heart rate or O2

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5
Q

sensitive to sense of movement in skeletal system

A

mechanical receptors

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6
Q

factors contributing to unstable angina

A

circadian variation in catecholamine levels increase platelet activation pathologic changes in atherosclerotic plaques

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7
Q

excessive accumulation of fluid, other than blood, within the pleural space congestive heart failure infection of the lung

A

hydrothorax

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8
Q

CHF ejection fraction

A
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9
Q

FRC=

A

RV+ERV

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10
Q

breathing exercises for CHF

A

inspiratory muscle training limited data for yoga

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11
Q

forced expiration

A

rectus abdominis external and internal oblique internal intercostal serratus posterior inferior

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12
Q

abnormal HR recovery after exercise

A

a decrese in HR of

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13
Q

respiratory alkalosis renal compensation

A

conserve amount of hydrogen ions and elimnate HCO3

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14
Q

marks site of the embryonic foramen ovale through which blood passes from right atrium to left atrium before birth

A

fossa ovalis

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15
Q

adrengeric

A

norepinephrine post ganglionic sympathetic

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16
Q

components of left ventricle

A

wall 2-3 times thicker than right mitral valve cusps papillary muscles chordae tendineae aortic valve

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17
Q

Large inferior opening int eh sinus venarum that brings poorly oxygenated blood (abdomen and lower limb)

A

Inferior vena cava

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18
Q

fibrous strands connecting papillary muscle to cusps of atrioventicular valves

A

chordae tendineae

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19
Q

site of venous blood that has passed through the cardiac muscle

A

opening of coronary sinus

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20
Q

contribute to inadequate oxygen supply in CHF

A

ventilatory muscle weakness abdominal ascities dyspnea

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21
Q

coincides with closure of atrioventricular valves at start of systole

A

first sound lub

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22
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy in which and inflammatory disease that causes the formation of small lumps in organs (lungs)

A

sarcoidosis

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23
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

HCO3 decreases because of excess ketones (diabetes) chloride or acid ions vomiting, lactic acidosis

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24
Q

additional volume taken in

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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25
Q

Formed largely by the left ventricle along with narrow portion of the right ventricle

A

diaphragmatic surface

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26
Q

additional volume let out

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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27
Q

when do the papillary muscles contract

A

during ventricular systole

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28
Q

diaphragm at upright

A

level

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29
Q

avg alveolar gas

A

3000 ml

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30
Q

structures involved in ventilation

A

bony thorax ribs

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31
Q

collapse compression (hydrothroax) obstruction (tumor)

A

atelectasis

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32
Q

stiffened walls of the ventricles with loss of flexibility due to infiltration by abnormal tissue

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

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33
Q

atherosclerosis progression

A

fatty streaks (aorta, coronary arteries) Fibrous plaque (stable or unstable, progression is based on several factors)

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34
Q

bucket handle

A

inferior ribs

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35
Q

if the serous layer of the pericardium becomes rough, typically secondarily due to viral infections, then friction and vibrations may occur with each cardiac cycle may sound like squeaky leather and may be widespread

A

pericaridal (friction) rub

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36
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy in which abnormal protein fibers accumulate int eh hearts muscle

A

amyloidosis

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37
Q

the bronchi have small arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the brochial tree

A

2 on left come off the descending aorta 1 on the right comes off the 3rd posterior intercostal artery

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38
Q

signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease

A

obstruction but doesn’t affect heart function may not demonstrate symptoms, depends on severity of obstruction per vessel and number of vessels

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39
Q

MI location anteroseptal

A

EKG V1-V3 Artery: LAD

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40
Q

cardiovascular disease risk factors

A

family history age diabetes hypercholesterolemia hypertension smoking obesity Inactivity/sedentary

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41
Q

most common type of valve prolapse

A

mitral valve

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42
Q

rehab center PT for CHF

A

aerobic exercise 20-60 min, 3-7 d/wk, 2-57 mo, 40-90% of peak cycle HR or VO2

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43
Q

how is prinzmetal angina treated

A

with a combination of nitrates and clacium channel blockers beta blockers are usually avoided

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44
Q

the heart muscle loses its ability to pump effectively. the heart becomes larger as it tries to compensate for its weakened condition

A

the heart in cardiomyopathy

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45
Q

abnormal BP response to exercise

A

a failure of systolic BP to rise in proportion to exercise intensity (without and meds)

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46
Q

prehypertension

A

120-139 80-89

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47
Q

Lobes of lungs

A

R: 3 oblique and horizontal fissure L: 2 oblique fissure

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48
Q

cortex can override the main centers for pulmonary ventilation

A

active expiration

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49
Q

what is the cause of angina and myocardial ishemia in CMD

A

inadequate O2 supply/demand to heart

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50
Q

precipitating factors foe IHD

A

cold exertion anxiety heavy meals tachycardia hypoglycemia

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51
Q

derived from incorporation of pulmonary veins

A

smooth walled part

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52
Q

VC=

A

IRV+tidal+ ERV

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53
Q

sudden SOB upon wake from sleep supine position increases venous return overloading the poorly functioning heart (increases pulmonary edema)

A

paroxysmal norturnal dyspnea and orthopnea

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54
Q

a slight depression in the interatrial wall

A

fossa ovale

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55
Q

Site of blood flow out of right atrium

A

Right atrioventricular valve

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56
Q

pulmonary sensors in the joint and muscle detect

A

physical activity increased breathing rate

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57
Q

Left coronary artery supplies

A

left atrium most of left ventricle Anterior 2/3 of AV septum (including AV bundles) SA node in 40% of people

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58
Q

alpha 2 adrenergic

A

parasympathetic, help with decreasing sympathetic activity discharge

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59
Q

lies beside anterior interventricular artery

A

great cardiac vein

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60
Q

right and left coronary arteries open into (after aortic valve)

A

right and left aortic sinuses

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61
Q

stage 4 hypertension

A

>210 >120

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62
Q

forced inspiration

A

quiet muscles sternodleidomastoid scalene muscles leator costarum serratus posterior superior

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63
Q

runs along acute margin of right ventricle, paralleling right marginal artery

A

small cardiac vein

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64
Q

preganglionic cardiac and pulmonary sympathetic fibers originat

A

in the spinal cord at T1-5

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65
Q

avg tidal volume

A

500ml

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66
Q

main coronary arteries

A

left circumflex left anterior descending right coronary

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67
Q

cardiac disease marked limitation OK at rest, less than ordinary activity causes symptoms above

A

Class III

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68
Q

Well established onset when characteristics remain unchanged for 60 days characterized by chest pain (transient hypoxia, relieved with change in activity or SLNG)

A

Stable angina

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69
Q

stage 2 hypertension

A

160-179 100-109

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70
Q

sympathetic nervous systems

A

preganglionic and postganglionic

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71
Q

metabolic alkalosis compensation

A

increase PaCO2 through decreasing respiration to hold on to CO2

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72
Q

produced by closure of aortic and pulmonary valves at end of systole

A

second sound dub

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73
Q

symptoms of CHF

A

dyspnea (paroxysmal nocturnal or orthopenea)

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74
Q

components of the left atria

A

pulmonary veins smooth-walled part fossa ovale atrioventricular valve

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75
Q

Blunt descending projection formed by left ventricle

A

apex

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76
Q

diaphragm at sidelying

A

uppermost side is lower lowermost side is higher

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77
Q

proper diagnosis of hypertension

A

3 visits with high BP in 3 months

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78
Q

SNS postganglionic reach

A

viscera run along the surface of the great vessels bronchi and vascular muscle

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79
Q

increase levels of collagen, destruction of the medial elastin, changes in composition of fibrous protiens

A

fibrous plaque

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80
Q

strength training for CHF

A

10 reps for 2-4 mo OR 60-80% of max voluntary contraction progression is slow with weight training

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81
Q

Signs of CHF

A

chest xray (large cardiac silhouetted) EF Cold pale cyanotic extremities (increased sympathetic activity) abnormal heart sounds (S3) sinus tachycardia abnormal breathing peripheral edema crackles/rales Jugular vein distension decreased exercise tolerance

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82
Q

failure to reach 85% of APMHR in the absence of beta blockers or other medication with similar effects

A

chronotropic incompetence

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83
Q

volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiratory effort

A

residual volume (RV)

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84
Q

corresponds to primitive atrium of embryonic heart; contains pectinate muscles

A

auricle

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85
Q

characteristics of CMD

A

ejection fraction angina and myocardial ischemia cardiac arrhythmias MI hypertension renal insufficiency

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86
Q

neurotransmitters

A

achetylcholine norepinephrine

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87
Q

Hallmark sign of CHF occurs when the LV is non-compliant and poor relaxation during systole

A

S3

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88
Q

the product of tidal volume and respiratory rate

A

Minute ventilation (Ve)

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89
Q

expiration pressure

A

pressure in lungs increases

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90
Q

Right marginal artery origin and distribution

A

right coronary artery right ventricle and apex of heart

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91
Q

blood flows into the coronary arteries after

A

the valves (aortic) have closed as a result of the elastic recoil of the aorta and great vessels

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92
Q

chronic elevation in BP most powerful contributor to cardiovascular disease

A

hypertension

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93
Q

what is prinzmetal angina secondary to

A

increase coronary vasomotor tone or vasospasm

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94
Q

ejection fraction of CMD

A

30-40%

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95
Q

dilated left ventricle and left atrium bulging interventricular septum from left to right thin ventricular walls myocardial mitochondria dysfunction

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

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96
Q

signs and symptoms of Ischemic heart disease in men

A

radiating pain (jaw or left side) crushing pain (elephant on chest) sweating skin color

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97
Q

stage 1 hypertension

A

140-159 90-99

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98
Q

layers of the pericardiaum

A

fibrous serous visceral

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99
Q

cholenergic receptors

A

muscarinic nicotinic cardiac and smooth muscle of lung and bronchioles tissue

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100
Q

S&S with SPO2 80, PaO2 45

A

as above

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101
Q

pathophysiologics of CHF

A

neurohormonal (sympathetic system) muscle wasting pulmonary/edema renal

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102
Q

Where the bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter and leave the lung

A

hilum

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103
Q

Pace maker of the heart controlled at level of

A

SA node brainstem

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104
Q

result of traumatic injury to the wall of the lung or infection which allows air to be pulled into the pleural space collapse towards hilum

A

pheumothorax

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105
Q

pericardium that secretes (20-30 ml)

A

serous

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106
Q

peripheral edema with CHF

A

weight gain >3 lbs

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107
Q

you hear clear whisperq

A

whispering pectoriloquy

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108
Q

receives all cardiac veins except anterior cardiac veins and smallest cardiac veins

A

coronary sinus

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109
Q

criteria for modification or termination of exercise in CHF

A

marked dyspnea or fatigue RR > 40 breath/min development of S3 heart sound increase in pulmonary crackles decrease in HR or BP or >10 bpm/mmHg Diaphoresis, pallor or confusion

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110
Q

composed largely of the right atrium and right ventricle along with narrow portion of the left vntricle

A

sternocostal surface

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111
Q

treatment for MI in CMD

A

fix the underlying cause of infarction

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112
Q

MI location Anterior

A

EKG: V2-V4 artery: LAD

113
Q

Allows blood to flow from right atrium to right ventricle during diastole

A

Tricuspid valve

114
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

decreased PaCO2 because you are getting rid of too much CO2 hyperventilation CHF

115
Q

pulmonary valve cusps

A

right left and anterior

116
Q

S&S with SPO2 90, PaO2 60

A

tachycardia, tachypnea restlessness

117
Q

atherosis=

A

fatty streak

118
Q

the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal tidal exhalation represents the point at which the forces tending to collapse the lungs are balanced against forces tending to exand the ches wall

A

functional residual capacity (FRC)

119
Q

fine rattling sounds. these are noncontinuous, high pitched, fine sounds like that of a carbonated beverage. usually heard in the presence of fluid in the alveoli and the bronchioles

A

rales (crackles)

120
Q

avg breath frequency

A

12 (18-20 is a problem)

121
Q

left pulmonary artery is attached to arch of aorta by

A

ligamentum arteriorsum

122
Q

how much does the diaphragm move in quiet sitting?

A

2/3 inch (2.5-3 inch in max effort)

123
Q

diaphragm at supine

A

rest high excursion is greatest

124
Q

Right coronary artery supplies

A

Right atrium most of right ventricle diaphragmatic surface of left ventricle posterior 1/3 of AV septum SA node in 60% of people AV node in 80% of people

125
Q

pressures in systemic arteries

A

PO2: 100 PCO2: 40

126
Q

Atrioventricular node origin and distribution

A

right coronary artery (80% of the time) AV node

127
Q

the blood filled space above each valve cusp

A

aortic sinus

128
Q

sensitive to changes in PO2 and PCO2 H+

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

129
Q

comprise two or three small veins that drain sternocostal surface of right ventricle directly into right atrium most numerous in right atrium

A

anterior cardiac veins

130
Q

anterior and posterior cusps of the atrioventicular valve

A

mitral valve cusps

131
Q

normal pH

A

7.4

132
Q

sensitive to acute stretch of alveoli safety mechanism-decrease duration of inspiration

A

lung receptors

133
Q

cholinergic

A

acetylcholine postganglionic parasympathetic

134
Q

Abnormal breathing patterns with CHF

A

quick shallow breaths

135
Q

pressures in pulmonary artery

A

PO2= 40 PCO2=46

136
Q

symptoms of pneumothorax

A

chest pain respiratory distress tachycardia

137
Q

most cases are inherited (autosomal dominant) most common early onsset (10-25 yrs) principal cause of sudden death

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

138
Q

body’s adjustments to pH changes

A

compensation

139
Q

sinus tachycardia in CHF due to

A

increased sympathetic activity

140
Q

four firmly connected fibrous connective tissue rings that form the skeleton of the heart

A

Annuli fibrosi

141
Q

sclerosis=

A

fibrotic

142
Q

posterior interventricular (posterior descending) origin and distribution

A

right coronary artery right and left ventricles and IV septum

143
Q

patient says e but you hear a

A

egophony

144
Q

Impaired function with hyprtrophic cardiomyopathy

A

exaggerated pump function poor heart relaxation

145
Q

forms of restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

amyloidosis sarcoidosis hemochromatosis

146
Q

clinical manifestation of atelectasis

A

xray shows opaque area elevation of hemidiaphragm on affected side shift of mediastinum toward affected side decrease in size of rib interspaces ove affected hemidiaphragm

147
Q

structural changes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

increase thickness of left ventricular wall increase thickness of interventricular septum decreased left ventricular cavity size

148
Q

aortic valve cusps

A

right left and posterior

149
Q

dopaminergic

A

receptors in adrenal gland, blood vessels, heard primarily in sympathetic nervous system

150
Q

srtachy sounds, produced by the movement of inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing together. walking on fresh snow

A

pleural friction rub

151
Q

IC=

A

tidal+IRV

152
Q

contains anterior and posterior cusps closes at the beginning of systole

A

mitral valve

153
Q

beta 1 adrenergic

A

for the atria, located in atria SA node and ventricle, when adrinergic signals you are going to have and increase in HR

154
Q

diaphragm at sitting

A

lower level

155
Q

fluid in periphery of the lungs decreases the ability

A

of oxygen to diffuse from alveioli to arterioles

156
Q

maximum amount of air that can be inhale after a normal tidal volume

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

157
Q

Normal FEV FVC %

A

4 5 80%

158
Q

inpatient PT for CHF

A

flexility cycle ergometry treadmill ambulation (30 min, 3-5 d/wk, 2-4 weeks, 50-70% of peak cycle work rate) energy conservation self management transfers educaiton

159
Q

layer surrounding and attached to the heart

A

visceral

160
Q

unusual syndrome of cardiac pain secondary to myocardial ischemia exclusively at rest ST segment elevation on EKG

A

Prinzmetal angina

161
Q

severe thickening of the interventricular septum thickening of the left ventricular wall tiny left ventricular chamber

A

hyperthrophic cardiomyopathy

162
Q

MI location lateral

A

EKG: I, aVL, V5, V6 Artery: LAD or circumflex

163
Q

pressures in systemic veins

A

PO2: 40 PCO2: 46

164
Q

fick equation

A

VO2= (SVxHR) x a-vO2

165
Q

cardiac disease without limitation

A

class I

166
Q

main regulator centers for pulmonary ventilation

A

medullary inspiratory center medullary expiratory center establish rate and depth of breathing

167
Q

most common cause of CMD

A

myocardial infarction

168
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

alpha beta

169
Q

tough fibrous indestensible outer portion of the pericardium fuses with the diaphragm adventitia of the great arteries and veins

A

fibrous

170
Q

STEMI by definition

A

in at least two contiguous leads >2mm in leads V1, V2, and V3 > 1mm in all other leads

171
Q

etiology of hypertension

A

essential/primary: occurs in absence of disease (arteriole resistance) non essential/secondary: occurs in presence of disease Labile

172
Q

neruotransmitter receptors

A

cholenergic adrenergic doapminergic

173
Q

what level of BP should you get medical clearance before implementing PT

A

resting >200 >105

174
Q

Left coronary artery origin and distribution

A

left aortic sinus left atrium and ventricle, IV septum, AV bundle and AV node (40% of the time)

175
Q

familial viral infection chronic consumption of alcohol toxins cancer drugs pregnancy cigarette smoking

A

causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

176
Q

avg pulmonary capillary blood flow

A

70 ml

177
Q

anterior (largest) posterior (smallest) and septal in right venticle; according to location of their bases off the walls of the ventricle

A

papillary muscles

178
Q

delayed signaling betweent he SA and AV node

A

first degree heart block

179
Q

MI location posterior

A

V1-V2, tall broad initial R wave, ST depression, tall upright T wave Artery: posterior descending

180
Q

medical interventions for CHF

A

improve heart pumping ability control sodium intake diuretics devices

181
Q

obstructive FEV FVC %

A

1.3 3.1 42%

182
Q

cardiac disease but inability to perform physical activity without discomfort symptoms at rest

A

Class IV

183
Q

volume of air normally exhaled/inhaled per breath

A

tidal volume

184
Q

pulmonary sensors in the alveoli detect result

A

increasing fluid in lung tissues rapid shallow breathing

185
Q

low urine output

A

oligurea

186
Q

side effects of BP medication

A

orthostatic hypotension with activity drop in BP 20 mmHg SBP or 10 mmHg AND 10 mmHg DBP

187
Q

Large superior openin int eh sunus venarum that brings poorly oxygenated blood from head and upper limbs

A

superior vena cava

188
Q

Atypical SandS of IHD (often in women or people with diabetes

A

Indigestion LV dysfunction found on functional study Arrhythmia Syncope Silent

189
Q

Beta 2 adrenergic

A

in brochiole smooth muscle

190
Q

cardiac disease with slight limitation physical activity results in fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea and anginal pain

A

class II

191
Q

cardiomyopathy that results from coronary artery disease

A

ishemic

192
Q

Anterior interventricular (LAD) origin and distribution

A

Left coronary artery Right and left ventricles and IV septum

193
Q

values for bicarbonate and carbonic acid return to normal

A

correction

194
Q

Circumflex origin and distribution

A

left coronary artery Left atrium and ventricle

195
Q

when you hear a clear 99

A

brochophony

196
Q

treatment for renal insufficiency in CMD

A

lasix (diuretic) monitor electrolyte levels dialysis for severe cases

197
Q

metabolic acidosis compensation

A

decrease PaCO2 through increasing respiration to blow of CO2

198
Q

include bronchi and pulmonary arteries with pulmonary veins draining a segment near by can be surgically removed while leaving the rest of the lung intact

A

brochopulmonary segments

199
Q

avg pulmonary blood flow

A

5000 ml/min

200
Q

components of right ventricle

A

cusps of the tricuspid vlave papillary muscles chordae tendineae pulmonary valve

201
Q

restrictive cardiomyopahty where and iron overload of the body, usually due to a genetic disease

A

hemochromatosis

202
Q

Right coronary artery origin and distribution

A

right aortic sinus right atrium, SA and AV nodes, and posterior portion in IV septum

203
Q

sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly ribs laterally vertebrae posteriorly open superiorly diaphragm froms the inferior wall

A

bony thorax

204
Q

most common cause of CHF idiopathic in most cases most often in middle aged people more often men than women

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

205
Q

quiet inspiration

A

diaphragm external intercostals

206
Q

lung that contacts ribs, costal cartilage and sternum

A

costal surface

207
Q

Posterior aspect of the heart largely fomed by the left atrium along with a narrow portion of the right atrium

A

Base

208
Q

is an extra reflection of pleural membranes onto each other; it is inferior to each hilar region also provides a small amount of stability to lungs

A

pulmonary ligament

209
Q

S&S with SPO2 85, PaO2 50

A

incoordination impaired judgment labored respirations confusion

210
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic sympathetic

211
Q

respiratory acidosis renal compensation

A

conserve HCO3 ions and eliminate hydrogen ions

212
Q

the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded sum of all the pulmonary volumes

A

total lung capacity (TLC)

213
Q

why don’t you want increased pressure in the pulmonary side of the heart

A

will affect the gas exchange rate

214
Q

Artery to sinoatrial node origin and distribution

A

60% coronary artery SA node and pulmonary trunk

215
Q

hypertension and exercise

A

avoid valsalva movements 4-7x/week 30-45 min 60-85% HR max RPE

216
Q

lung that touches mediastinal structures including side of vertebral bodies

A

medastinal surface

217
Q

what BP should you terminate exercise

A

>250 >115

218
Q

MI location inferior

A

EKG: II, III, aVF artery: Right coronary

219
Q

Artery to sinoatrial node origin and distribution

A

40% circumflex branch SA node and left atrium

220
Q

lies next to posterior interventricular artery

A

middle cardiac vein

221
Q

cardiomyopahty that is a disease of the heart muscle itself dilated hypertrophic restrictive

A

non ischemic

222
Q

junction of rough pectinate muscle vs smooth interior of the sinus venarum superior end marks location of sinoatrial node

A

crista terminalis

223
Q

in embryonic heart, directs blood from inferior vena cava through foramen ovale and into left atrium (also called eustachian valve)

A

Valave of inferior vena cava

224
Q

most of the blood from coronary circulation returns to right atrium through either

A

coronary sinus or by a pair of small, anterior cardiac veins

225
Q

most common cause of congestive heart failure

A

Cardiac muscle dysfunction

226
Q

STEMI

A

ST elevation MI

227
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

increased HCO3 because of loss oc chloride ions or excess ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (tums)

228
Q

accumulation of blood in the pleural space

A

hemothorax

229
Q

other causes of CMD

A

heart valve abnormalities spinal cord injury pericardial effusion

230
Q

avg total ventilation

A

7500 ml/min

231
Q

avg alveolar ventilation

A

5250 ml/min

232
Q

unstable angina: when to notify physician

A

angina at rest typical angina occurs at lower exertion deterioration of previosly stable pattern physiological changes

233
Q

pump handle

A

superior ribs

234
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

vagus nerve thorax ans upper abdomen

235
Q

primary inspiratory muscle

A

diaphragm

236
Q

patients who awaken with orthopnea

A

relief with upright position prefer to sleep with pillows/HOB proped up

237
Q

inappropriate for the hemocynamic load proper myocardial mitochondria function characterized by diastolic dysfunction increased LV diastolic pressure

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

238
Q

Alpha 1 adrenergic

A

vascular smooth muscle, parasympathetic activity

239
Q

the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation

A

vital capacity (VC)

240
Q

results form an abnormality of structure or function impairs the hearts ability to pump or recieve blood (exercise tolerance and functional abilities are mild/moderately reduced)

A

Cardiac muscle dysfunction

241
Q

lung that touches convex dome to diaphragm

A

diaphragmatic surface

242
Q

2 righ and 2 left pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

243
Q

direct continuation of great cardiac vein lies in posterior part of coronary sulcus and opens into right atrium

A

coronary sinus

244
Q

the reduction in VO2 is seldom the result of _____________ but rather the result of _____________

A

decreased oxygen extraction decreased oxygen delivery

245
Q

presence of signs or symptoms of inadequate blood supply to myocardium absent of demand

A

unstable angina

246
Q

types of acute MI

A

transmural non transmural

247
Q

musical sounds like the high pitched notes on a clarinet, are produced by constricted or partially obstructed airways. heard on inhale

A

wheezes

248
Q

categories of cardiomyopathy

A

ischemic non ischemic

249
Q

avg anatomic dead space

A

150 ml

250
Q

q=

A

SV*HR

251
Q

pressures in pulmonary vein

A

PO2: 100 PCO2: 40

252
Q

contains anterior, posterior and septal cusps

A

tricuspid valve

253
Q

Left marginal origin and distribution (if present)

A

left circumflex left border of left ventricle

254
Q

atelectasis treatment

A

breathing techinques spirometry airway clearance

255
Q

an active process involving meolecular signals that produce altered cellular behavior as well as endothelial dysfunction and subsequent inflammatory response

A

atherosclerosis

256
Q

stage 3 hypertension

A

>180 >110

257
Q

Treatment of HTN

A

medications such as ACE inhibitors, CA2+ channel blockers, diruetics and beta blockers regular exercise

258
Q

blood exits into the left venticle through the mitral valve

A

atrioventricular valve

259
Q

control of motor neurons for respiration

A

respiratory center

260
Q

coarse rattling sounds produced when the patient exhales. low pitched, these sounds occur when there is mucus in the brochi

A

Rhonchi

261
Q

pressures in alveoli

A

PO2: 105 PCO2: 40

262
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

increased PaCO2 because breathing is suppressed COPD, pulmonary edema

263
Q

blood flow into the coronary arteries is greatest during

A

diastole

264
Q

determinants of myocardial blood flow

A

diastolic bp resistance vasomotor tone LV end-diastolic pressure

265
Q

in CHF this causes peripheral edema and limitation in diaphrgmatic descent

A

abdominal ascities

266
Q

inspiration pressure

A

pressure in lungs decreases

267
Q

location of sensors for control of pulmonary ventilation

A

brain, carotid and aorta alveoli joints and muscles

268
Q

everts into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts during systole although relatively common and often bening, it may produce chest pain, shortness of breath and cardiac arrhythmia

A

mitral valve prolapse

269
Q

function of the annuli fibrosi

A

rigid attachment for myocardial fiber bundles and valves Seperates myocardial fibers of atria from those of ventricles

270
Q

allows blood to exit the left ventricle past the 3 semilunar cusps of the valve leading to the ascending aorta

A

aortic valve

271
Q

which hemidiaphragm has more resistance

A

right liver vs stomach

272
Q

anterior, posterior and septal cusps of the atrioventricular valve

A

cusps of the tricuspid valve

273
Q

number of cusps in right atrioventricular valve

A

3

274
Q

components of the right atrium

A

Auricle crista terminalis fossa ovalis opening of coronary sinus valve of inferior vena cava superior vena cava inferior vena cava Right AV valve

275
Q

pulmonary sensors in the brain, carotic and aorta detect result

A

carbon dioxide or oxygen levels in your blood increased/decreased rate of breathing

276
Q

BP comes and goes, is all over the place when visiting doc over a time period

A

labile

277
Q

restrictive FEV FVC %

A

2.8 3.1 90%

278
Q

sites of coronary artery occlusion in order of frequency

A

anterior interventricular branch right coronary artery circumflex branch Left coronary artery posterior interventricular branch

PTRS 826 (3 decks)

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