Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1202 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does q represent?

A

the frequency of another allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

means they are found nowhere else in the world

A

endemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

A

gene flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

offspring that result from an interspecific mating

A

hybrids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features

A

morphological species concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

is the same as species

A

biological species concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

views a species in terms of its ecological niche

A

ecological species concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring

A

reproductive isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile. If the chromosomes of the two parent species differ in number or structure, meiosis in the hybrids may fail to produce normal gametes. Since the infertile hybrids cannot produce offspring when they mate with either parent species, genes cannot flow freely between the species

A

reduced hybrid fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA

A

mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a severe drop in population size: the population has passed through a “bottleneck” that reduces its size

A

bottleneck effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

A

natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, and no gene flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

allos-other, patro-homeland; gene flow interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

A

allopatric speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

are remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors

A

vestigial stuctures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

share similar function, but not common ancestry

A

analogous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was Cuvier’s belief on evolution?

A

that the older the stratum, the more dissimilar its fossils were to current life from; and that from one layer to the next, some new species appeared while others disappeared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting a population’s frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other

A

directional selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in north america, the geographic ranges of the western spotted skunk and the eastern spotted skunk overlap, but the western skunk mates in late summer and the eastern skunk mates in late winter

A

example of temporal isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the process by which one species splits into two or more species

A

speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is genetic variation depend on?

A

originates when mutation, gene duplication, or other processes produce new alleles and new genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

example of geographic variation; a graded change in a character along a geographic axis

A

cline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry

A

hybrid zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

A

convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

mate choice, individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex

A

intersexual selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does p represent?

A

the frequency of one allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area

A

sympatric speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

a species may originate from an accident during cell division that results in extra sets of chromosomes

A

polyploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

to species that occupy different habitats within the same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all, even through they are not isolated by obvious physical barriers, such as mountain ranges

A

habitat isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor

A

phylogenetic species concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

differences in the genetic composition of separate populations

A

geographic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

chance events can also cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredicatably from one generation to the next, especially in small populations

A

genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Courtship rituals that attract mates and other behaviors unique to a species are effective reproductive barriers, even between closely related species. Such behavioral rituals enable mate recognition–a way to identify potential mates of the same species

A

behavioral isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Three main topics of Natural Selection

A
  1. individuals do not evolve 2. can amplify or diminish only those heritable traits that differ among the individuals in a population 3. environmental factors vary from place to place and over time
35
Q

What has to happen for evolution to occur?

A

genetic variation

36
Q

the geographic distribution of species

A

biogreography

37
Q

underlying skeletons of the arms, forelegs, flippers, and wings that represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor

A

homologous structure

38
Q

species that breed during different times of the day, different season, or different years cannot mix their gametes

A

temporal isolation

39
Q

What are the four effects of genetic drift?

A

significant in small populations, can cause allele frequencies to change at random, can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations, and can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

40
Q

which stated that mechanism of change are constant over time

A

uniformitarianism

41
Q

evolution on its smallest scale and as a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

A

microevolution

42
Q

when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

A

founder effect

43
Q

blue-footed boobies, inhabitants of the Galapagos, mate only after a courtship display unique to their species; part of the “script” calls for the male to high-step, a behavior that calls the female’s attention to his bright blue feet

A

example of behavioral isolation

44
Q

the average percentage of loci that are heterozygous

A

average heterozygosity

45
Q

the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is in the population

A

frequency-dependent selection

46
Q

similarity resulting from common ancestry, but not necessarily similar function

A

homology

47
Q

What was Aristotle’s belief on evolution?

A

certain “affinities” among organisms; life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale of increasing complexity

48
Q

Strains of cultivated rice have accumulated different mutant recessive alleles at two loci in the course of their divergence from a common ancestor. Hybrids between them are vigorous and fertile, but plants in the next generation that carry too many of these recessive alleles are small and sterile. Although these rice strains are not yet considered different species, they have begun to be separated by postzygotic

A

example of hybrid breakdown

49
Q

inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments

A

adaptations

50
Q

The hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse is a mule, which is robust but sterile. A “hinny”, the offspring of a female donkey and a male horse, is also sterile.

A

example of reduced hybrid fertility

51
Q

a difference between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

A

sexual dimorphism

52
Q

describing these periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change

A

puncuated equilbria

53
Q

may contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed

A

postzygotic barriers

54
Q

differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

A

genetic variation

55
Q

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

A

relative fitness

56
Q

originates when mutation, gene duplication, or other processes produce new alleles and new genes

A

What is genetic variation depend on?

57
Q

What are the three mechanisms that contribute to shuffling?

A

crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes, and fertilization

58
Q

various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid

A

allopolyploid

59
Q

as descent with modification; a change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

A

evolution

60
Q

two species of garter snakes occur in the sam geographic areas, but one live mainly in water while the other is primarily terrestrial

A

example of habitat isolation

61
Q

is an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are derived from a single species

A

autopolyploid

62
Q

separates certain closely related species of aquatic animals, such as sea urchins. Sea urchins release their sperm and eggs into the surrounding water, where they fuse and form zygotes. It is difficult for gametes of different species, such as the red and purple urchins shown here, to fuse because proteins on the surfaces of the eggs and sperm bind very poorly to each other.

A

example of gametic isolation

63
Q

impeding members of different species from attempting to mate, by preventing an attempted mating from being completed successfully, or by hindering fertilization if mating is completed successsfully

A

examples of prezygotic barriers

64
Q

occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

A

disruptive selection

65
Q

if individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes

A

heterozygote advantage

66
Q

new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock

A

strata

67
Q

the shells of two species of snails in the genus spiral in different directions: moving inward to the center, one spirals in a counterclockwise direction, the other in a clockwise direction. As a result, the snails’ genital openings are not aligned, and mating cannot be completed

A

example of mechanical isolation

68
Q

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species. For instance, sperm may not be able to survive in the reproductive tract of females of the other species, or biochemical mechanisms may prevent the sperm from penetrating the membrane surrounding the other species’ eggs.

A

gametic isolation

69
Q

the genes of different parent species may interact in ways that impair the hybrid’s development or survival in its environment

A

reduced hybrid viability

70
Q

meaning selection within the same sex, individuals of one sex compete directly for mates of the opposite sex

A

intrasexual selection

71
Q

What is an example of biogeography?

A

continental drift

72
Q

some first-generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but when they mate with one another or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile

A

hybrid breakdown

73
Q

matting is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion

A

mehanical isolation

74
Q

What was Lamarck’s view on evolution?

A

found what appeared to be several lines of descent, each a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species; thought that evolution happens because organsims have an innate drive to become more complex

75
Q

block fertilization from occurring

A

prezygotic barriers

76
Q

the broad pattern of evolution above the species level

A

macroevolution

77
Q

acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

A

stabilizing selection

78
Q

humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits

A

artificial selection

79
Q

What was Linnaeus’s belief on evolution?

A

developed two-part format for naming species

80
Q

is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

A

population

81
Q

Some salamander subspecies of the genus live in the same regions and habitats, where they may occasionally hybridize. But most of the hybrids do not complete development, and those that do are frail.

A

example of reduced hybrid viability

82
Q

a form of selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

A

sexual selection

83
Q

occurs when natural selection maintains two or more forms in a population

A

balancing selection

84
Q

differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage

A

neutral variation

Biology 1202 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions