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MSCI 302 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Animals living in association with the sea surface are called…

A

Neuston

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2
Q

Microbes suspended in the water column and moving with the currents are considered members of the:

A

Plankton

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3
Q

Neritic habitats are generally considered to be those:

A

confined to shallow waters

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4
Q

The oceanic or epipelagic zone ranges to a maximum depth of:

A

200m

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5
Q

Epifaunal animals are usually found

A

attached to structures or the bottom

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6
Q

Hadal environments are associated with

A

trenches

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7
Q

Marginal seas tend to have properties that differ from the adjacent open ocean because

A

-geological history of the marginal sea and adjacent ocean differs -marginal seas are often partially cut off from the adjacent open sea -local river input might reduce the salinity of the marginal sea -local precipitation may be high relative to evaporation

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8
Q

Which of the following geological features influences the habitat and distribution of marine biota?

A
  • Mid-Ocean Ridges -Passive continental margins -Trenches -Volcanoes
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9
Q

Water is good solvent because

A

of the charge asymmetry of the water molecule

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10
Q

Seasonal temperature changes are the lowest in

A

low latitudes

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11
Q

Many elements in seawater are found in constant ratios throughout the ocean because

A

those elements remain in the ocean longer than the mixing time

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12
Q

Which of the following increases salinity of the surrounding water?

A

sea-ice formation

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13
Q

Pure water reaches a maximum density at ______, while the maximum density of seawater is function of its ________ and ________ at the surface.

A

4 degrees C, temperature, salinity

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14
Q

The main control on seawater density on ocean basin scales is

A

temperature

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15
Q

A series of population that are interconnected with some recieving individuals dispersing from others, is known as a(n)

A

metapopulation

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16
Q

The following best describes a mutualistic interaction

A

++

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17
Q

Of parasites, which is not generally true?

A

are usually fatal to their hosts

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18
Q

A foundation species

A

provides a structural feature to the composition and structure of the community

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19
Q

Predation and disturbance both have the following similar effects on community structure:

A

at modest disturbance and predation intensity, species richness increases

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20
Q

Coexistence of species in a community may occur when

A

-mortality is random and several species are colonizing randomly into a community -Some process allows different species to exploit the same resource -species are exploiting different resources -predators are present

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21
Q

The effects of predation on prey populations are reduced when

A

-prey species have rapid generation times -prey have effective escape behavior -predators compete for prey -prey have chemical or mechanical defenses

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22
Q

The Reynolds number decreases when

A

water velocity decreases

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23
Q

Dynamic Viscocity

A

decreases as the size of a particle in a fluid decreases

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24
Q

Within a boundary layer

A

water velocity is less than in the main stream

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25
Q

For organisms in seawater viscous forces dominate strongly when

A

Re

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26
Q

The Biological Species Concept has been articulated by which author(s)?

A

-Darwin -Mayr -Dawkins

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27
Q

The process of changes by organisms in function and tolerance in response to environmental changes is known as

A

acclimation

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28
Q

Plankton

A

Organisms (generally small) suspended in the water column whose locomotion is insufficient to counteract currents or turbulence

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29
Q

Nekton

A

Usually larger organisms capable of independent movement against a current

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30
Q

Neuston

A

Organisms associated with the sea surface interface (Includes microbes bound in the surface layer)

31
Q

Benthos

A

Organisms associated with the seafloor (Three types: Infaunal, Epifaunal, Demersal)

32
Q

Label the basic pelagic marine habitat divisions (A-F) with their appropriate name and label maximum depth and identify each zone as photic, dysphotic or aphotic.

A
33
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of the interactions between organisms (interspecies and intraspecies) and their environment (abiotic).

34
Q

What (3) three factors mainly control the density of seawater?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Salinity
  3. Pressure
35
Q

Label +/- to summarize interactions:

Commensalism:

Territoriality:

Predation:

Mutualism:

Parasitim:

A

Commensalism: +/0

Territoriality: +/-

Predation: +/-

Mutualism: +/+

Parasitim:+/-

36
Q

Place the following levels of the ecological hierarchy in order from largest to smallest (1=largest, 6=smallest)

Species:

Community:

Individual:

Biosphere:

Population:

Ecosystem:

A

Species:4

Community:3

Individual:6

Biosphere:1

Population:5

Ecosystem:2

37
Q

Define the Biological Species Concept.

What is the one Problem with this concept in describing all species?

A

Defintion: Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Problems:

1) difficult to test whether individuals from 2 populations are capable of reproducing together, much less whether they have any tendency to reproduce in the wild
2) two species look and behave like different species but still retain some degree of gene flow (coyotes, wolves, and domestic dogs)
3) definition based on the occurrence of sex is only relevant to species that have sex

38
Q

Sketch a graph illustrating the intermediate predation-disturbance hypothesis and label the axes correctly to reflect the interacting variables.

A
39
Q

Study of the small-scale spatial dustributions of individuals is an important aspect of population ecology. Name and draw an example of typical types of organisms distributions.

A
40
Q

Which of these are clear examples of foundation species?

Mangroves

Spartina

Carnivorous fishes

Baleen Whales

Stony Corals

Oysters

Kelp

Seagrasses

Mud crabs

Sea urchins

What function or role do they play in their environment?

A

Mangroves, Spartina, Stony Corals, Oysters, Kelp, & Seagrasses

foundation species contribute (or modify substantially) the structure of habitat.

41
Q

The biomass of phytoplankton available for consumption at higher trophic levels is called

A

standing crop

42
Q

The existence of a strong, shallow thermocline in temperate regions during summer limits nutrient diffusion from deeper waters and is a control of

A

phytoplankton growth.

43
Q

Plankton often have adaptations that help them (choose one) reduce/increase pressure drag.

A

Increase pressure drag

44
Q

the depth in the water column at which the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration

A

Compensation depth

45
Q

depth above which total oxygen produced in the water column equals total consumed

A

Critical Depth

46
Q

amount of total production left to support other trophic levels after losses due to respiration of the primary producers themselves

A

Net primary production

47
Q

gross primary production

A

total amount of organic material fixed in the process of primary productivity

48
Q

The distinction between phytoplankton and zooplankton is

A

how they obtain organic matter.

49
Q

Spend their entire lives as plankton

A

Holoplankton

50
Q

Spend only part of their lives in the plankton stage (aka: adult forms that live pelagically and larvae that live as plankton)

A

Meroplankton

51
Q

The geographic variation in both primary and secondary productivity is best explained by high production in areas that have significant (choose one) upwelling/downwelling.

A

Upwelling

52
Q

Diatoms have outer shell covering made of

A

Silica

53
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
  • usually have two flagellae used for locomotion
  • include species involved in toxic algal blooms
54
Q

have limited powers of locomotion with respect to water movement

A

plankton

55
Q

Mechanisms or factors that affect the sinking rate of planktonic organisms:

A
  • increased organismal buoyancy due to the use of gas-filled floats
  • an organism’s increased water resistence due to spines and other projections
  • alteration by organism of its relative density by substituting lighter ions for heavier ones
  • an organism’s increased surface area due to flattening of its body
56
Q

Which of these factors has the least impact on primary productivity?

Lighty intensity

ambient temperature

nutrient supply

grazer population

hydrographic factors (ex. currents)

A

Lighty intensity

ambient temperature (LEAST)

nutrient supply

grazer population

hydrographic factors (ex. currents)

57
Q

A phytoplankton bloom cannot initiate if

A

Mixing depth > Critical depth: no bloom

(Mixing depth < Critical depth: bloom)

58
Q

In temperate zones, toward the beginning of spring:

A

the water column becomes vertically stable

59
Q

For most marine food pyramids the level with the most number of individuals is the ______ level.

A

Phytoplankton

60
Q

The one factor that integrates a variety of important controls upon marine primary production is:

A

hydrography

61
Q

Diatoms, Dinoflagellates or both:

  • Occur singly or form chains
  • Encased in silica shell (SiO2) consisting of two valves
  • Usually radially symmetrical (planktonic form) but pennate sometimes (benthic)
  • Characteristic initiators of the spring bloom
  • dominate at high latitudes
A

Diatoms (ONLY)

62
Q

Diatoms, Dinoflagellates or both:

  • dominate subtropical and tropical
  • dominate summer and fall in temperate
  • free-living forms possess two flagella
  • often responsibly for harmful algal blooms
  • secrete organic test (theca) of cellulose
A

Dinoflagellates (ONLY)

63
Q

Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, or both:

  • Asexual and sexual reproduction
  • size range of nano- to micro-plankton
  • often ornamented with spines or complex ridges and pores
  • important eukaryotic species
A

BOTH

64
Q

Summarize the three main steps that lead to the initiation of the spring bloom:

A
  1. After nutrients are replenished in surface waters during the winter, water column becomes more stable in spring as sun heats water from above, thermocline develops.
  2. Surface nutrients are rich and trapped in surface waters.
  3. Phytoplankton cells are no longer stirred to darker deep waters.
65
Q

Label each panel as characteristic of the annual cycle of phyto- and zooplankton for the three latitude bands: tropical, temperate and artic (polar).

For the panel you indicate of temperate latitudes explain the pattern observed, what that controlling factors are and how they interact to generate the annual cycle.

A

Lack of mixing seasonally in temperate waters. ( Cold water in winter/late fallt thermocline fades causing deeper winter mixing depth allows nutrients to be cycled to the surface layer to allow phyto bloom. the bloom declines due to sinking and zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton before laying eggs to cause their own bloom). Light intensity varies with seasons because of the angle the sun hits the temperate regions during the each season.

Controls: light, nutrients, and hydrography (currents, upwelling, and diffusion)

66
Q

Six major ions

A

Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, K+, SO4-, Mg2+

67
Q

Inputs of Oxygen to ocean waters occur by:

A
  • mixing at the surface
  • diffusion across the air-sea interface
  • photosynthesis by primary producers
  • thermohaline sinking of deep waters
68
Q

Why is the ocean salty?

A

The ocean is salty because rocks and sediments on land are eroded then brought to the ocean via runoff (hydrologic cycle), where water evaporates and the rate of outputs of dissolved ions equals the input.

69
Q
A
70
Q
A
71
Q
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72
Q
A
73
Q
A

MSCI 302 (1 decks)

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