Test 1 Flashcards
Define building
A structure that can accommodate people
What kind of loads?
Live, occupancy, snow, rain, impact, dead, settlement, ground and water pressure
Static loads
Type of loads including wind and earthquake loads
Dynamic loads
Shell, or envelope, of a building
Enclosure system
Enclosure system of a building includes…
Roof, exterior walls, Windows, doors, and foundation
Interior finishes of a building (3)
Floors
Walls
Ceilings
MEP
Mechanical and electrical systems
4 types of MEP/ building systems
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and AC)
plumbing
Fire protection
Electrical
why is the design of a building divided into distinct stages?
so the owner can review the progress at milestone points along the way
who is responsible for coming up with the specifications of the design?
the architect or engineer
what is the master format and who is it developed by?
a numbering system for the organization of construction materials and systems
developed by Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and Construction Specifications Canada (CSC)
how many major divisions would we expect to see on a MasterFormat?
50
technical trade sections (specifications) follow which format?
CSI format
4 things required under the technical trade sections (CSI format)
- type of materials required
- their required performance
- method that must be used to obtain the specific result
- contractors price the content based on the methods required
3 parts of the Technical Trade Format
part 1- general
part 2- products
part 3- execution
RFI
request for information
project delivery methods (4)
design-bid-build
design/ build
construction management at risk
construction management for fee
…. loads are permanent, while ….. loads change over time.
- dead
- live
2 types of foundation settlement
uniform settlement
differential settlement
uniform settlement
may disrupt building service entrances or site elements at the building/ site interface
differential settlement
may cause damage to finishes, cladding, columns, loadbearing walls, and other components where building becomes distorted
** most foundation failures b/c different loadbearing capacities may be existing in different parts of the building
soil types (5) in order of particle size (lrg-sm)
rock gravel sand silt clay
soils not suitable to support a building’s foundation
peat, topsoil, and other organic soils
well graded soil
wide distribution of particle sizes
well sorted soil
limited range of particle sizes
more void space, more free draining
strong soil
generally, the larger the particle size, the stronger the soil
moisture sensitivity of good soils
coarse-grained soils are less sensitive to moisture content (more stable)
geotechnical reports describe soils and properties derived from… (3)
- test pit samples
- boring samples
- laboratory testing
actual strength of a soil depends on (3) factors
- presence/ absence of water
- depth of the soil beneath the surface
- size of the foundation that applies the load to the soil
one of the most important properties of a soil derived from laboratory tests is…
soil’s bearing capacity in psf (lbs per sqr ft) or ksf (kips per sqr ft)
soil’s bearing capacity
determines maximum load that can be placed on each square foot of the soil before it fails structurally or has an unacceptable amount of settlement
3 bracing methods
crosslot bracing
rakers
tiebacks
why are rakers and crosslot bracing difficult in the excavation process?
removing the earth between braces is much less efficient and more costly than removing soil with a shovel dozer or backhoe in open excavation
dewatering
foundation construction must be performed in the dry, water-free environment
3 dewatering methods
sumps** most common
pumping with well points
watertight barrier
- vertical pieces of pipes with screened openings to allow water to enter
- driven into the soil
- connected with horizontal header pipes
pumping with well points
a watertight barrier only works if…
it reached into a stratum of impermeable soil such as the clay that lies beneath the water table
this is used as an alternative to well points due to adverse affects such as consolidation and settling of foundations of nearby buildings
watertight barrier
what is the goal in choosing a contract type
to purchase the actual construction service for the lowest price possible without creating undue risk for the owner
3 major contract types
lump sum
unit price
cost plus fee
sequential construction
each major phase begins after the preceding phase is complete
design is completed before construction begins
phased construction
design and construction phases overlap
aim is to reduce total project duration (fast-tracking?)
most suited for design-build and construction management project delivery, where construction expertise is available during design stages
- provides an easy to understand picture of a project schedule and relationship between the phases
- represents project tasks or phases on a horizontal timeline
Gantt Charts
designers are responsible for which 2 construction documents?
graphic construction drawings
and written specifications
construction team
general contractor, subcontractors, and suppliers
role of construction professionals
build designed buildings
building construction is the science that…
researches techniques of assembling construction materials
(it is the process of constructing what you have designed
2 methods to determine soil and water conditions beneath the excavation site
Test pits
Test borings
Slope support is achieved in 3 forms…
Soldier beams and lagging
Sheet piling
Slurry walls
(3) primary factors is choosing a foundation type
- subsurface soil and groundwater conditions
- structural requirements, including foundation loads, building configurations and depth
cantilevered or strap footing
consists of a column footing connected by a tie beam to another footing in order to balance an asymmetrically imposed load.
Sloped or benched excavation vs sheeted excavation
Sloped/ benched is cheaper but requires a site without nearby properties or other limits on excavation
Where do shallow footings occur?
Close to the bottom of the substructure
Sumps
Pump water from pits (sumps) in the excavation
What type of foundation would you choose for soil with a low bearing capacity relative to building loads?
Mat foundation
Type of foundation that is heavily reinforced for very tall buildings and can be 6 feet or more in thickness
Mat foundation
Raft foundations
The weight of the soil excavated from the ground is equal to the weight of the entire building so that the pressure on the soil is unchanged from the original condition, making the building float on the soil
where do we use deep foundations?
soils directly below the building substructure are weak/ unstable
we use deep foundations to transmit building loads to deeper, more competent soils
4 types of deep foundations
piers (caisssons)
socketed caisson
end bearing pile
friction pile
piers (caissons)
drilled into earth with the steel reinforcement lowered in the drilled hole first, then the concrete will be poured
diameter ranges from 18 in to 12 ft
piles materials
steel, timber, sitecast, or precast concrete
when are belled caissons practical?
only where the bell can be excavated in a cohesive soil that will retain its shape at least until concrete is poured
difference between belled caissons and socketed caissons (piers)
socketed caissons are drilled into the rock at the bottom, rather than belled
where does bearing capacity come from in socketed caissons?
not only from its end bearing, but also the friction between the caisson sides and the rock
tool used to drill holes in the soil
augur (with carbide-tipped teeth)
how is the structural member to be supported by piers (caissons)
reinforcing dowels or steel anchor bolts attached to the top of the piers
what else happens as the caisson hole fills with concrete?
withdrawing of the casing
difference between pier and pile
piles are driven into the earth (rather than drilled and poured)
if a pile is driven until its tip encounters firm resistance rock, dense sands, or gravels, it is an…
end bearing pile
piles that are driven only into softer material without encountering a firm bearing layer
friction piles (still develop a considerable load-bearing capacity through frictional resistance)
pile cap
joins the cluster of piles with reinforced concrete, which helps distribute the load equally among piles
what connects pile caps?
reinforced concrete grade beams
where are grade beams used?
where piles are used to support load bearing walls- there are constructed between the pile caps to transmit the wall loads to the piles
2 forms of steel piles
H piles
pipe piles
