Test 1 Flashcards
Controls
Specimen that is similar to patients sample. Has known value
Standards
Highly purified substances of known composition to ensure accuracy. (Low, normal, high in chem)
Quality control
Process that monitors accuracy and precision of a method
What does Quality Assessment refer to?
Planned, step by step activities that ensure testing is being carried out correctly, providing accurate results
This process requires goals and measurement of performance
What is the difference between quality assurance and quality control?
QA- planned and organized activities to ensure quality standards are met
QC- tasks put in place to find an correct problems that may occur in a single test. (Ie looking at control). Part of QA.
What are trends in reference to the analytical elements of quality control?
QC values moving slowly up or down, indicating calibration error or failed reagent stability
What are ‘shifts’ in relation to the analytical elements of QA?
Shifts of fur when there is a sudden spike or Change in QC values, indicating inaccurate calibration, temp changes, or dirty cuvettes
What’s the difference between analytical and non analytical QA elements?
Non-analytical: ensuing workers are qualifies, establishing policies, preventative maintenance, and process control
Analytical: application of statistics/numbers to analyze measurements
What are the two types of quality control? What are their differences?
Internal controls- controls built into testing device- In house samples or commercial samples with in house range
External controls- known reactive or non reactive controls available from manufacturer
What are the two types of error?
Analytical:error occurring during analysis
Non-analytical:before or after analysis. (Patient labelling, preparations, transportation, etc)
What is control range and how is it made?
Acceptable range for sample results to be
1- collect in house normal patient pool
2-run on equipment (20 or more times)
3- find mean and SD’s (SD 1, -1, 2, etc)
4- control range established +- 2SD
What is a reference range and how is it determined?
Defence range is normal range for the patient pool in the area of the lab.
It is completely dependent upon what the normal ranges are for people in the area, what their sex is, age, etc
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy
Structure
Detoxification
What are the two defining classifications of carbohydrates?
By whether they have a ketone or aldehyde reactive group (reducing)
By the number of carbons (ie glucose is a hexose- 6 carbons)
What are the main monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the three main disaccharides?
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
What are the three main polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
What is the order in which the body tries to metabolize glucose?
Energy production
Storage as glycogen or triglycerides
Conversion to keto acids, amino acids, or protein
What is the process of carbohydrate digestion?
Mouth (amylase) > stomach (amylase is killed) > duodenum (breakdown into glucose) > absorption into liver through portal vein through diffusion and active transport
Glycolysis
Metabolism of glucose for production of energy
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose from non-carb sources
PC
Post cibum
After meal
AC
Ante cebum
Before meal
Blood reducing substances
Measurement if any reducing substance in the blood (doesnt have to be glucose)
What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Dizziness, sweating, trembling, hunger, moodiness, confusion, blurred vision
What are some symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Thirst, frequent urination, fatigue
Mellituria
Presence of any sugar in the urine
Glucosuria
Presence of glucose in the urine
Glucose tolerance
How the body responds to a measured intake of glucose
Renal threshold
Level in blood at which substance will be excreted into urine
How do you convert between US and Can measurements for glucose?
US- mg/dL: divide by 18
Can- mmol/L: multiply by 18
What are the 4 main factors affecting glucose metabolism?
Absorption
Hormones
Liver disease
Metabolic rate
What is another word for not absorbing glucose?
Malabsorption
What are the main hormones involved with glucose metabolism?
Insulin- beta cells of pancreas: stimulates uptake of glucose by increasing cell permeability
Glucagon- alpha cells of pancreas: stimulate gylcogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose
Epinephrine- stimulates rapid glycogen breakdown
Thyroxine
GH
Cortisol
What does liver disease do in relation to glucose?
Impresses body’s ability to form glycogen, so when fasting, blood glucose drops drastically, as no long term energy stores exist
What are the symptoms and causes of diabetes insipidus?
Excessive water loss through kidneys due to lack of ADH
Excessive urination (5-12L/day) and thirst
What are the ranges of glucose levels?
Low level-
What is average renal threshold?
> 10mmol/L (12% less in whole blood b/c diluted)
What are some criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus?
FBS (8hrs) > 7mmol/L (normal 4.1-5.9)
2hrs after 75g load > 11.1mmol/L
Plus polyuria, polydypsia, and unexplained weight loss
Why is lack of insulin an issue if we have stored fats?
Burning fats releases ketones, which increase blood pH and can be lethal- ketones can be measured in urine and serum
(Ketones also present during pregnancy and malnutrition)
Not fast enough
What are the three types of diabetes mellitus?
Type I- insulin dependent or early onset
Type II- non insulin dependent or late onset
Gestational diabetes- glucose intolerance from pregnancy
What is Type I diabetes? How is it treated?
Complete loss of insulin production
Genetics, viral, autoantibody issue
Requires insulin injections
Polyuria, polydipsia, tiredness, weight loss, moodiness, ketones
What is type II diabetes? How is it treated?
Body has increased resistance to insulin, may eventually stop producing insulin altogether
Oral medication can be taken
Same symptoms as Type I, but usually overweight
May display NO symptoms
What are some possible complications of Type I and Type II diabetes?
Heart disease Insulin shock Kidney disease Eye disease Impotence Nerve damage
What are some risks of gestational diabetes?
Macroscopic babies (possibly diabetic babies and risk of hypoglycemia, because used to high glucose level)
Calibration
Comparison of an instrument measurement to a physical constant
