Test 1

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

systematic changes & continuities in an organism that occur between conception and death

Question 2

Socialization

Answer 2

process by which individuals acquire beliefs, values, & behaviors considered appropriate by their culture or subculture

Question 3

Personality

Answer 3

development of internal aspects of self

Question 4

Children & Adolescents in Pre-modern Times

Answer 4

Children and adolescents were not regarded as a special group with sensitive periods

No real concept of a distinct period of development

Different philosophies of children’s nature and development in 17th & 18th centuries

Question 5

Hobbes

Answer 5

children are born with sin & need to be taught, punished, corrected

Question 6

Locke

Answer 6

children need to be molded; tabula rasa (development is a function of experience

Question 7

Rousseau

Answer 7

children need to develop freely; autonomy should be promoted & self-interest subdued (development is a function of child’s own activity directed by internal program)

Question 8

theory

Answer 8

A framework or overall perspective that guides our understanding of behavior and psychological functioning
Theories lead to hypotheses that can be empirically evaluated or tested
Theory building is a dynamic process; new evidence can change a theory and changes to a theory lead to new hypotheses, experiments, and facts

Question 9

Theorists’ Assumptions

Answer 9

Assumptions lead to certain facts at the expense of others

Scientists choose how to parse behavior and what level of analysis to use when studying behaviors of interest

Question 10

Purpose & Value of Theories

Answer 10

Provide a basis for prediction
Give meaning to facts; provide a context for observations
Guide future research

Question 11

Theory vs. Hypothesis

Answer 11

theories are typically more complex than hypotheses
a single observation could not substantiate a theory
hypotheses often account for a single variable
theories lead to multiple hypotheses that can be empirically tested

Question 12

Theory vs. Model

Answer 12

model typically refers to a specific implementation of a more general theory
a model can also be a specific application of a general theory to a specific situation (i.e., to make specific predictions about the variables in question)
computer models can also be applied to explain relationships between variables; set of program statements that define variables & how variables will change over time/trials

Question 13

What constitutes a good theory

Answer 13

parsimonious = few principles that explain broad set of observations/behaviors
falsifiable = explicit predictions can be supported or disconfirmed
heuristic = build on existing knowledge & generate new hypotheses

Question 14

parsimonious

Answer 14

few principles that explain broad set of observations/behaviors

Question 15

falsifiable

Answer 15

explicit predictions can be supported or disconfirmed

Question 16

heuristic

Answer 16

build on existing knowledge & generate new hypotheses

Question 17

Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Answer 17

instincts
unconscious motives
components of personality (id, ego, superego)

Question 18

Psychosexual stages (Freud)

Answer 18

oral (early infancy)
anal (toddler years)
phallic (early childhood 3-6 years)
latency (7-12 yrs. preteen years)
genital (12 or 13 onward)

Question 19

General Orientation to Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 19

dynamic approach
structural & topographical approach
developmental stage approach
normal-abnormal continuum

Question 20

Dynamic approach

Answer 20

way development is viewed

Question 21

Structural approach

Answer 21

Put answer

Question 22

Developmental stage approach

Answer 22

development is discontinuous

Question 23

Normal-abnormal continuum

Answer 23

Put answer

Question 24

economics of energy

Answer 24

psychic energy builds up, can be distributed, can be associated with certain mental images/experiences, can be transformed & discharged
psychic energy performs psychological work much like mechanical, electrical, or thermal energy performs physical work

Question 25

Aim of all instincts

Answer 25

is to remove bodily need/drive, to discharge tension, and experience pleasure

Question 26

Instinct

Answer 26

behavior can be indirect because instincts are viewed as very mobile
psychic energy can be discharged in many different ways analogous to electrical energy being used to bake a cake, use a computer, etc.

Question 27

Mental processes

Answer 27

Mental processes take place within psychological structures, between the structures, and by means of the structures

Question 28

id

Answer 28

(seat of biologically based drives)

Question 29

ego

Answer 29

(mechanism for adapting to reality)

Question 30

superego

Answer 30

(analogous to consciousness)