TEST 1 Flashcards
What is Phonology?
the sound patterns of language
the pronunciation patterns of speakers
the study of (1) and/or (2)
Questions addressed in phonology?
How does the sound system of a language work?
What are similarities/differences in sound systems across languages?
How do individuals differ in their pronunciation patterns?
How do individuals learn pronunciation patterns?
Phonology signals :
linguistic meaning,
personal and group identity,
affect (mood and emotion).
A learner’s native language influences both his/her:
perception (i.e., listening) and production (i.e., speaking) abilities
An important goal of teaching pronunciation is for learners to achieve:
overall comprehensibility (intelligibility).
There are 3 phases in the production of sounds:
the initiation phase
the phonation phase
the articulation phase
This phase depends on the activity of the vocal cords (bands or flaps):
the phonation phase
in the phonation phase, The flaps control the size of the:
glottis, the opening of the windpipe
the three types of glottis openings:
slightly open and vibrating
open and not vibrating
closed
when the air leaves the glottis, stage is called:
the articulation phase
what areas does the air pass through after leaving the glottis?
the pharyngeal cavity
the oral cavity
the nasal cavity
How to describe consonants
Where? Place of articulation
How? Manner of articulation
Voice? Voiced or voiceless
In the oral cavity, sounds are shaped by using “movable” parts of the mouth -articulators:
(WHERE)
lower lip
tip of the tongue
blade of the tongue
back of the tongue
The places of contact or near the contact are called places of articulation:
upper lip labial upper teeth dental behind teeth alveolar palate of mouth alveopalatal back of mouth velar glottis glottal
The airstream passing through the mouth can be modified in several ways (HOW)
stop fricative affricate nasal liquid glide
Depending on whether vocal folds vibrate, consonants can be:
voiced
voiceless
How to describe vowels:
Where? high-low dimension
Where? front-back dimension
How? tense-lax dimension
Lips rounded-unrounded
beat-beat-bait-bait-bat-bat is an example of the:
high-low dimension
beat-boot-beat-boot-beat-boot is an example of the:
front-back dimension
beat-bit
bait-bet
boot-book
are examples of:
the tense-lax distinction
beat-bit-bait-bet-bat
boot-good-boat-code-vote
knot-nut-but-cot
are examples of:
lips rounded or unrounded
Schwa occurs only in:
unstressed syllables
Contrastive sounds indicate
meaning differences at the level of a word
The phoneme is a :
contrastive sound; it distinguishes meaning in a language.
“cave-pave” is a
minimal pair
Thus, /p/ is a _______ of English (a contrastive sound) and all its “physical” variants are its ______
phoneme, allophones.
A phoneme is a class of sounds which :
(1) are “physically” similar and (2) show certain characteristic patterns of distribution in a language (Gleason, 1961).
English /p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable, but :
never after /s/ (as in “speed”, “stop” or “skate”).
English /t/ and /d/ become _____ between two vowels, before an unstressed syllable
flaps /D/
When pronouncing English /t/ before an unstressed syllable with an /n/ or before another consonant, airflow is :
blocked in the glottis
English /l/ at the end of syllables (or words) is _____–it is produced with the back of the tongue raised to the velum
dark
English /r/ changes the quality of:
every vowel that occurs before it. For example, it may minimize the tense-lax distinction.
