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Clinical Neuroscience > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the idea that humans are unique and behaviors are largely unpredictable due to this

A

dualism

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2
Q

2 purposes of classification

A

predicting future behavior, scientific communication

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3
Q

2 goals of classification

A

reliability and validity

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4
Q

2 forms of abnormality in DSM I

A

psychotic and neurotic

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5
Q

scientific concept of abnormality must have an __ cause

A

internal

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6
Q

social constructs define abnormality as:

A

harm to self and others

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7
Q

2 goals DSM is trying to meet

A

inter-rater reliability and construct validity

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8
Q

everyone can see the result, and it is always the same

A

inter-rater reliability

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9
Q

you always see the same things within the classification, it is unchanging

A

construct validity

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10
Q

Axis _: clinical disorder, including other conditions that may be the focus of clinical attention

A

I

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11
Q

Axis _: personality disorders and mental retardation

A

II

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12
Q

Axis _: assessment of general medical conditions, including all major and minor illnesses at time of presentation

A

III

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13
Q

Axis _: psychosocial and environmental problems (ex. death, divorce, economic situation)

A

IV

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14
Q

Axis _: Global Assessment of Functioning, 1-100 scale in terms of harm to self/others

A

V

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15
Q

concept that from conception, cells form into different cells in the body driven by gene expression and environmental factors

A

differentiation

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16
Q

permeability of a membrane is caused by

A

protein distribution

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17
Q

main source of inhibition; mass quantities of Cl- in the cell keeps cell at rest and makes cell incapable of depolarization

A

shunting

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18
Q

additive effect produced by many EPSPs that have been generated at many different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron at the same time

A

spacial summation

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19
Q

additive effect produced by many EPSPs that have been generated at the same synapse by a series of high-frequency action potentials on the presynaptic neuron.

A

temporal summation

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20
Q

concept that one cell cannot function alone, they all have to work together

A

emergent property of cells

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21
Q

places proteins in appropriate place in correct quantities across the membrane

A

genotype

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22
Q

phenotype is largely based on __

A

environment

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23
Q

emergent properties are caused by __

A

phenotype

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24
Q

each cell can only get a phenotype by inserting itself into a __

A

network

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25
Q

cells use __ to insert themselves into a network

A

cytoarchitecture

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26
Q

__ is responsible for a change in voltage

A

protein

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27
Q

channels coded by the same gene, where all subunits are identical

A

homomeric channels

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28
Q

channels in which each subunit is a different protein

A

heterometric channels

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29
Q

__ determine location in the membrane

A

charges

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30
Q

the only way amino acids can insert themselves into a hydrophobic region is to become __

A

neutral

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31
Q

when a protein needs to stop changing and restore itself to its original function

A

rectifying

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32
Q

in this type of plasticity, minimal change amounts unless they occur repeatedly over time

A

phasic

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33
Q

in this type of plasticity, the overall net environment changes

A

tonic

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34
Q

most phasic changes occur due to __

A

outside stimuli

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35
Q

stable pools of communication between cells

A

tonic pools

36
Q

spacial and temporal summation are direct results of __ and __

A

cell network, emergent properties

37
Q

produce negative feedback (ex. where limbs are in space), terminate behavior due to environment, groups of cells that regulate activity of other groups

A

reciprocal

38
Q

groups of cells that continuously decrease threshold of receiving cells upon activation; hyperpolarization becomes smaller and need less excitation to fire)

A

post inhibitory rebound

39
Q

serotonin production site, not produced anywhere else in the brain

A

raphe nuclei

40
Q

group of 10 nuclei in a network that produces dopamine

A

substantia nigra

41
Q

2 subsets of substantia nigra

A

reticulotta and compacta

42
Q

group of cells that produce exclusively norepinephrine

A

locus ceruleus

43
Q

GABA and glutamate can be created by any __ cell

A

glutamatergic

44
Q

creates communicators on demand, uses docking to complete molecules

A

cell surface

45
Q

important for long term effects, changes the function of cells

A

cascades

46
Q

whether a protein can bind to another communicator based on charge, time, and space; conveys affinity

A

steric availability

47
Q

extent of conformation, property of chemical communicator can change either completely, partially, or cannot change a protein structure

A

potency

48
Q

drug type that has an affinity for D2 receptor

A

antipsychotics

49
Q

drug type that has affinity and potency at serotonin and norepinephrine

A

antidepressants

50
Q

__ are subject to polypharmacy, and prescriptions change more than any other drug

A

antidepressants

51
Q

drugs that increase inhibition (different types work in different ways)

A

anti-anxiety

52
Q

goal of pharmacy is to increase the ___ of a drug

A

therapeutic index

53
Q

specifically acts at the protein the exact same way as the endogenous chemical

A

direct agonists

54
Q

increase the likelihood of a protein function

A

indirect agonists

55
Q

similar to endogenous chemical in structure, binds to protein and prevents binding of androgynous chemical

A

direct antagonists

56
Q

prevents neurochemicals from being released

A

indirect antagonists

57
Q

class I glutamate receptors are located ___

A

post synaptically

58
Q

class II glutamate receptors are located ___

A

pre synaptically

59
Q

GABA A is (ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

ionotropic

60
Q

GABA B is (ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

metabotropic

61
Q

norepinephrine is all (ionotropic/metabotropic)

A

metabotropic

62
Q

these GABA receptors pull chloride into the cell

A

GABA A

63
Q

these GABA receptors are largely confined to the sprinal cord, decrease cAMP, and hold K+ inside the cell

A

GABA B

64
Q

most of the time, 5HT is (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

inhibitory

65
Q

D1 and D5 (increase/inhibit) activity at post-synaptic cell by (increasing/decreasing) cAMP

A

increase, increasing

66
Q

D2, D3, and D4 (increase/inhibit) activity pre and post-synaptically by (increasing/decreasing) cAMP

A

inhibit, decreasing

67
Q

disorders with high heritability (4)

A

schizophrenia, mood disorders, bipolar, alcoholism

68
Q

what you get from your family, the information passed down to you, the likelihood that you will have a trait/disorder

A

inheritance

69
Q

amount of variability in a trait that can be explained by genetics alone

A

heritability

70
Q

a mathematical computation of heritability in population statistics

A

meta analysis

71
Q

created to find out which relationships contribute the most to variability of a trait

A

factor analysis

72
Q

theory that 1 gene = 1 diagnosis; ex. there is no such thing as the flu, you have fever and nausea (separate diagnoses)

A

2 allele theory

73
Q

theory that all diagnoses can only come about through the expression of multiple genes; all genes must be fully expressed before the diagnosis can be given; no spectrum

A

polygenetic multifactorial threshold (critical mass)

74
Q

heritability rate of depression (MDD)

A

0.6

75
Q

heritability rate of bipolar

A

0.64

76
Q

heritability of generalized anxiety

A

0.3

77
Q

heritability of unipolar bipolar

A

0.4

78
Q

heritability of phobias

A

0.1

79
Q

heritability of depression unspecified

A

0.36

80
Q

__ looks at the environmental factors responsible for turning on genes

A

regression

81
Q

__ uses factor analysis to try and come up with a cause (in this class, usually a gene)

A

regression

82
Q

if heritability is high, every observable difference in a trait has to do with differences in ___

A

gene activation

83
Q

if heritability is high, the only contribution of environment is __

A

turning on genes

84
Q

comes up with best descriptions by mapping correlations, tries to eliminate variability

A

factor analysis

85
Q

neurotransmitters themselves are not excitatory or inhibitory; that is the property of the __

A

protein

86
Q

__ are responsible for change in voltage

A

proteins

Clinical Neuroscience (2 decks)

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