Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutr-402 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Observation

A

the act or instance of noticing a natural occurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define hypothesis

A

tentative explanation of a natural occurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define theory

A

well-substantiated explanation of a natural occurrence based on strong scientific evidence that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes an idea sticky (6 traits of stickiness)

A 
Simplicity
unexpectedness
concreteness
credibility
emotions
stories
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain simplicity as it pertains to stickiness

A

dumbs down the message so it is easier to understand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain unexpectedness as it pertains to stickiness

A

catch’s ones attention, shocking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain concreteness as it pertains to stickiness

A

The person telling you is very sure of themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain credibility as it pertains to stickiness

A

The source seems credible (should know what they are talking about), Ex. Dr. Oz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain emotions as it pertains to stickiness

A

makes the person feel strongly about the topic either happy or sad/scared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain stories as it pertains to stickiness

A

Stories make it more personal and easier to believe/remember

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a fact

A

something that can be check and demonstrated to be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an assertion

A

something that is held to be true but which has not or cannot be demonstrated to be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an opinion

A

something that is believed to be true by the speaker but which may or may not be shared by others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Scientific method

A

accepted principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Soul goal of the scientific method

A

create comparable results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define law of nature, and what branch of science has most of them

A

a body of rules inherent in the structure of nature and universally recognizable
mostly in physics/chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

main components of the scientific method (done in order)

A 
observation
hypothesis
prediction
experiment
repeat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

These are the results of individual studies

A

hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

this results from a review of many studies

A

theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Difference between a hypothesis and a prediction

A

A hypothesis is a prediction with set clear and specific objectives in its phrasing which allows it to be conclusively rejected/accepted based on the findings of the study. The hypothesis is thus something that can be tested in many trials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

parts of a scientific article

A

introduction
methods
results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is it important to have specific background information of a study

A

background information tells you what has been covered prior to the study, and gives a basis for the reasoning behind the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is it important to know the exact hypothesis, population, exposure, outcome (and how both are measured), as well as the confounders of
a scientific study?

A

So you can determine the validity of the results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can population and confounder impact the result of a study?

A

The results can be skewed by different aspects of these two portions of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the study population

A

specific group the study was performed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

variables of study population

A 
gender
age
ethnicity
location
conditions potentially influencing outcome
selection method
single/multi center study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define exposure

A

contact with a factor or the amount the factor impinges on the group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

define outcome

A

consequence of the exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define confounders

A

uncontrolled risk factors affecting the outcome of the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

examples of standard confounders (6)

A 
age
gender
race/ethnicity
income
education
smoking status
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Statistically controlled standard confounders (4)

A

age
sex
ethnicity
education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Examples of special confounders (8+1) (discrimination due to)

A 
race
ancestry
sex
age
physical disability
physical appearance
sexual orientation
BASELINE BMI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is selection bias

A

population is chosen so randomization is not achieved or the study population is not representative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How is selection bias introduced

A

self-selection

selection of population skewing the results towards support for a certain hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define correlation

A

an association between two factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

define causation

A

the exposure causes the outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

See first few slides of section 3 video 2 for understanding how to tell if the results of a study are causation or correlation

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Primary data study

A

newly created data (unpublished)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

secondary data study

A

renewed analysis of recorded data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Primary data studies include this types of studies

A

observational study

experimental study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Secondary data studies include these types of studies

A

narrative review
systematic review
meta-analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Types of observational studies

A 
cross-sectional studies
cohort studies (longitudinal study)
case-controled studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

types of experimental studies

A

clinical studies which include: randomized, controlled trial, and case-controlled studies
biochemical, physiological experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does an observational study do

A

sees how exposure influences the outcome over a particular perior of time withoutt intervention of the scientist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does an experimental study do

A

identifying and quantifying the causation between exposure and outcome by targeted intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a meta-analysis

A

systemic pooling of data from several selected studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is a systemic or narrative review

A

a document often written by a panel that provides a comprehensive review of all relevant studies and unpublished data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Advantages of a meta-analysis

A

greater statistical power
confirmatory analysis
greater ability to extrapolate to population
considered evidence based resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

disadvantages of meta-analysis

A

difficult to select appropriate studies
advanced statistical techniques
heterogeneity of study populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What to look for in a meta-analysis

A

do the pooled studies have similar design
are studies included with diverging results
do studies have same exposure and outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

advantages of systemic/narrative review

A

exhaustive review of currently available data
less costly
greater ability to extrapolate to general population
more reliable than individual studies
considered evidence based resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

disadvantages of systemic/narrative review

A

greater degree of expertise necessary
time consuming
study design and results often heterogeneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What to look for in a systemic/narrative review

A

do included studies look at same exposure and outcome

are discrepancies between studies addressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

between systemic review or meta-analysis which is better for basing a recommendation from

A

systemic review

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is a cross-sectional study

A

data are collected across a population at a given time

snapshot at a point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Advantages of cross sectional study

A

tend to uncover correlations
cheaper than longitudinal studies
can point out areas for further study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

disadvantages of cross sectional studies

A

cannot infer causal relationships

cannot measure changes over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

T/F: cross sectional studies are good sources of information for the public

A

f, they do not show causation and are only meant to determine if a causation that needs investigation exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is a longitudinal/cohort study

A

multiple ovservations for each individual in the population over time, used tomeasure changes due to exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

cohort studies do this

A

study a specific group of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

prospective studies

A

people enroll in the study and are then followed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

retrospective studies

A

people enroll in the study and then recall their past experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

advantages of longitudinal studies

A

can measure changes

greater validity than cross sectional studies

64
Q

disadvantages of longitudinal studies

A

more expensive and time comsuming than cross-sectional studies
cannot infer causal relationship

65
Q

Case-controlled study (observational)

A

compares two groups with the case and a control group

66
Q

cohort/panel study

A

follows a defined group of the population that shares common characteristics
prospective or retrospective

67
Q

nested case control study

A

extracts case and control group data from a large observational study

68
Q

What is the gold standard of clinical studies

A

large, randomized, double-blind studies in which multiple centers participate

69
Q

experimental stuides are more reliable and implies this due to this

A

causation

confounding factors can be controlled, and bias is reduced

70
Q

observational studies can do this

A

point out correlation between exposure and outcome

71
Q

reasons to use an observational study

A 
limited resources and practicality
less intrusive to base further study on
real world situation
used when control studies are unethical
larger data volume possible
72
Q

Experimental clinical studies do this

A

identify and quantify the causation between exposure and outcome by targeted interventions

73
Q

case controlled study (experimental)

A

groups with and without a certain condition are compared

74
Q

controlled studies (experimental)

A

random assignment to treatment and non-treatment group

75
Q

What is the control group

A

group not receiving the treatment

76
Q

dietary record

A

subject is taught to weigh or estimate all food consumed and record it over a predetermined time

77
Q

advantages of dietary record

A

most accurate data

habitual diet of individual can be assessed

78
Q

disadvantages of dietary record

A

respondent needs to be highly cooperative
respondent burnden is high
underreporting
expensive

79
Q

24-hour food recall

A

respondant recalls the food consumption of previous 24-48 hours using household measures

80
Q

advantages of 24-hour food recall

A

approprate for describing the MEAN intake of a group
respondent burden is acceptable
response rates higher

81
Q

disadvanatages of a 24-hour food recall

A

accuracy depends on ability to recall
one-day recall does not represent usual individual intake
quality of data depends on interviewer
under reporting

82
Q

dietary history

A

assesses the daily total food intake and usual meal pattern of an indiviudual over varied periods of time. Includes often a 24hour recall and checklist to assess long term meal patterns

83
Q

advantages of dietary history

A

assessments of meal patterns and details of food intake of groups

84
Q

weakness of dietary history

A

respondets needs to have regular diet pattern and good memory for accuracy
accurate administration only be trained professionals
under reporting

85
Q

food frequency method

A

self-administered use of a pre-printed list of foods to extimate the frequency and sometimes amount of food eaten over a specified amount of time

86
Q

advantages of food frequency method

A

assessments of meal patterns and usual food groups of populations
inexpensive
standardized

87
Q

disadvantages of food frequency method

A

mostly homogenous populations
quantitative component not accurate
food list needs to be accurate and well tested
often self-administered

88
Q

which phase of the study is most important, why?

A

planning, at this point things like study population, time frame, confounders and other things can been accounted for

89
Q

incidence

A

measure the change from non-condition to condition

90
Q

prevalence

A

measures the occurrence of condition/disease in total population

91
Q

incidence is this to prevalence

A

incidence is a proportion of prevalence

92
Q

cumulative incidence rate =

A

(number of new cases/total at risk population) over a period of time times multiplier

93
Q

person-time incidence rate =

A

(number of new cases/person-time at risk) over a time period

94
Q

What information does the incidence(cumulative) rate give us

A

how does exposure affect health outcome
description of risks associated with a certain exposure
estimating the probability for a disease, health condition, or death in a population

95
Q

incidence rate does this

A

measures risk of condition over time

96
Q

person-time incidence rate measures this

A

how fast a disease or condition is spreading

97
Q

how can the information of incidence rate be used

A

plot of IR over time can be a good way to see if an intervention is really taking hold

98
Q

point prevalence rate =

A

(number of people ill / total population) at a point in time

99
Q

period prevalence rate =

A

(number of people ill / total population) over a period of time

100
Q

what is risk

A

a measure of the proportion of people that develop an outcome between two specific points in time

101
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations

102
Q

Risk =

A

number of people diagnosed over number of people at risk

103
Q

What information do you need about a specific risk so you are able to fully understand it?

A

time frame is #1
does the risk apply to me? (population factors)
how does it compare to other risks

104
Q

Always look for this when assessing risk

A

the ‘strike’, what is the risk? being diagnosed or dying

105
Q

starting risk

A

chance of experiencing an outcome without intervention

106
Q

modified risk

A

risk of experiencing an outcome with intervention

107
Q

relative risk =

A

modified risk over starting risk

108
Q

interpreting relative risk

A

> 1 increased risk

1 no change

109
Q

absolute risk reduction =

A

starting risk - modified risk

110
Q

absolute risk looks at this

A

difference between the starting risk and modified risk

111
Q

absolute risk is also called this

A

risk difference

112
Q

relative risk reduction

A

relates how much lower the modified risk is in relationship to the starting risk

113
Q

relative risk reduction =

A

(starting risk - modified risk) / starting risk

114
Q

which risk number is most common in publication

A

Relative risk reduction because it generates a large number

115
Q

Why do you need the starting risk or absolute risk reduction if you want to fully understand a risk reduction?

A

gives you a basis for comparison

116
Q

Compare relative risk and absolute risk reduction

A

RRR tends to remain unchanged across spectrum of disease severity or the magnitude of the outcome while ARR will reflect this

117
Q

What additional information do you
need about a specific risk reduction to
be able to understand the risk reduction?

A

time frame, does it apply to you

118
Q

what effects does multiple testing have

A

several null hypothesis are tested simultaneusly so the probability increases that one is true by chance

119
Q

What does significant mean in science

A

the result is probably true

120
Q

what does statistically signifcant not mean

A

can never prove that the result was not due to chance or

that there is a meaningful or important differance

121
Q

How is statistical significance measured

A

P

122
Q

explain p value

A

P

123
Q

Odds are slightly higher than

A

risk

124
Q

Odds =

A

number of people experiencing outcome during a period over the number of people who do not experience outcome of the observation period

125
Q

What is an odds ratio

A

measure to determine the relationship between an exposure and outcome

126
Q

odds ratio =

A

((n)exposed cases / (n) unexposed cases) / ((n)exposed non-cases/ (n) unexposed non-cases)

127
Q

What are odds ratios used for

A

compare relative odds of the occurrence of an outcome with an without exposure
determine if a particular exposure is a risk factor for an outcome
compare the magnitude of various risk factors

128
Q

hazard ratio

A

reflects the analysis of time survived to an event

129
Q

hazard ratio is calculated as

A

ratio of time it takes for an event to happen in the treatment group vs. time it takes in the control group

130
Q

what is hazard ratio used for

A

initially to analyze survival in medical research

increasingly to describe how many people can reach the end of the observation period without experiencing the hazard

131
Q

how to interpret hazard or odds ratios

A

value 1: better survival in the control group

132
Q

If the starting risk is high the odds ratio tends to do this

A

overestimate the effect of the exposure

133
Q

95% confidence interval

A

indicates the reliability of the ratio

134
Q

what the 95% confidence interval says

A

we are 95% confident that the true value of the ratio is in our confidence interval

135
Q

when looking at a 95% confidence interval this is better

A

narrower

do no include 1

136
Q

z-score

A

a number that tells you how unusual a single piece of data is, and where a result is in relationship to the mean

137
Q

reading a z-score

A

negative is less than average
0 is right at average
positive is more than average

138
Q

patient outcome

A

measure how a person feels, functions, or survives

139
Q

surrogate outcome

A

laboratory measurement or physical sign used as substitutes for a clinically meaningful endpoint for the patient outcome

140
Q

changes of the surrogate outcome are expected to reflect this

A

changes in the patient outcome

141
Q

advantages of using a surrogate outcome

A

less expensive
quantifiable
faster results
outcome might be undesirable (death)

142
Q

placebo effect

A

when symptoms are better in the patient after receiving the placebo (inert substance)

143
Q

nocebo effect

A

when symptoms are worse in the patient after receiving the placebo (inert substance)

144
Q

two different routes for publishing a scientific paper

A

scientific meeting

scientific journal

145
Q

purpose of scientific meeting

A

open forum for the advancement of ideas between scientists where many things are discussed

146
Q

purpose of scientific journals

A

much more valid way of letting other scientists know about the studies you’ve performed.

147
Q

What is peer review

A

evaluation of the works suitability for publishing by one or more independent and often anonymous expers with similar competence than the author

148
Q

how does this peer review process generally work (4)

A

accept manuscript as is
return manuscript for revision
reject manuscript but encourage resubmission after addressing shortcomings
reject manuscript as unsuitable

149
Q

Impact factor

A

measure calculated by journal citation reports (JCR) how often the average article in a journal is cited during a time period

150
Q

what is impact factor used as

A

a proxy for the importance of a journal

151
Q

press release

A

narrative style release from a journal on a topic

152
Q

T/F: quality of a press release issued by medical journals seem to influence the quality of the associated new report

A

t

153
Q

Press releases must include the following fundamental information

A

explain basic facts
list absolute risk
explain harm from intervention
acknowledge study limitations

154
Q

agenda setting

A

strong correlation between the emphasis the media sets on a topic and the importance perceived by the general public

155
Q

priming

A

extension of agenda setting, activation of one though may trigger related thoughts

156
Q

framing

A

the presentation of a topic in the news media will influence how it is understood by the general public

157
Q

what are the main sources of bias in publication of scientific articles

A

investigator bias
publication bias
reporting bias

Nutr-402 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions