Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology South Alabama > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sociology is scientific. What does that mean.

A

Particular way of knowing about the world or a study of ways of knowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Empiricism

A

knowing about the world by looking at it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between highly empirical and less empirical?

A

High: pain/hurt
Less: Seeing pain/hurt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thinking

A

Truth is best obtained through logic, you do not find truth by looking at the world because the world is deceptive

Science- the best way to know about the world is to look at the world itself.

  • There is no truth until you test it
  • It cant depend on whose looking
  • Generally true everywhere and always
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Feeling as it relates to empiricism

A

Faith-to believe without evidence
Art, Music, Lit-Artists and authors trying to create an empiracle reality
-Person trying to share something seen or felt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sociology looks at the social world ________________.

A

Empirically

It seeks to know about society by looking at data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Science is __________ because it describes how the world is

A

Descriptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prescription is to _______ as Description is to___________

A

Prescription is to SHOULD as Description is to IS

Science says, this is how things are related, and then the SHOULD comes in.
-Science says exercise will make you fit
if you want to be fit you SHOULD exercise, if you want to be a Sumo wrestler you shouldnt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sociology is Scientific, but it is also_____________.

A

Social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reductionism

A

Everything is in parts and wholes, if the whole is too complex, break it down

This is humans default approach to the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Durkheim wrote _______________. What did it argue?

A

Le Suicide. 1881 or 1882

It argued that the act of committing suicide might have might have to do with more than just the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Durkheim discover when he studied suicide data?

A

Suicide is not distributed randomly an that some groups were more likely to commit suicide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What Variable effected suicides and why?

A

AGE- everyone around you gets old, friends die, lonely, Health issues, money-when you quit working you quit eating

URBAN/RURAL LIVING-Urban city dwellers much more likely

  • RELIGION-jews rarely committed suicide because they werent welcome and stuck together
    • minorities have low suicide rates

GENDER-men were more likley
-If a man was single he was more likely to commit suicide, but if a woman was single she had more freedom and was less likely

MARITAL STATUS-If a man was single he was more likely to commit suicide, but if a woman was single she had more freedom and was less likely

MORAL DENSITY- Not having close ties puts you at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Moral Density

A

Having meaningful ties to a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

/What does Durkheim conclude?

A

The most personal decision someone could make would be pushed by social things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Durkheim argue regarding patterns?

A

When you see a pattern, there is always a reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did Durkheim mean when he said “Social Facts”?

A

Social Forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Social Fact

A

Social Force- Things that are bigger than you that don’t change because you wish them to

Things decided outside of you by social group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some examples of Mundane social facts?

A

LANGAUGE YOU SPEAK- that is socially determined
THE WAY YOU DRESS-that is what society determines is ok
WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG-ultimate social fact
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
ECONOMIC STATUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sui Generes

A

Of its own origin

Something that cannot be reduced into parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

You can understand how different sciences are related by treating them like….

A

Different levels of reality.

The whole of what one group studies might be a part of what another group studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Emergence of science chart

A 
Biology-Cells------->
Chemistry-Compounds and molecules ----->
Physics-atoms ----->
Particle physics- parts atoms are made of ----->
Sociology-group behavior ----->
Phycology-Behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Emergence

A

The whole is different from the sum of the parts
The properties are irreducible
Wholes have properties that the parts do not

Example: 
H20
Hydrogen=gas
Oxygen=gas
H20=liquid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Life is an _______________________.

A

Emergent Property

Why?
Individuals in groups behave different from when they are by themselves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Groups have

A

different behavioral properties than the people that make them up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

PDG

A

Prisoners Delima Game

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What was discovered when single persons played the Prisoners Delima Game vs when they played with a group?

A

People who would cooperate by themselves would usually defect every single time in a group setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Discontinuity effect

A

difference in behavior of people by themselves versus being in a group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What makes parts and wholes different?

A

Structure, how you put things together changes what they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Individual social behavior

A

What YOU do when youre with other people

  • doing things because you’re going to be with others
  • Things you do to learn to talk to someone (watching show)
  • interactions and preparing for social interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the two types of Group Social Behavior?

A

Collective and Aggregate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Collective Group

A

Group who does something together/ doing a task as a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Aggregate Group

A

Group who has something in common but may not do something together
Usually dont know each other
-USA students, Males in Alabama

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Social Phenomena

A

Things only groups have or require

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Examples of Social Phenomena

A

Police, Law enforcement, Social Control, moral code, education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

There is nothing that cant be studied by _______________.

A

Sociology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What did Peter Berger write and what did it argue?

A

Invitation to Sociology

Argued that the things that sociology studies are the things people are interested in anyway. There is usually more to what you’re interested in and sociology can help you look more deeply at it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Peter Berger said that people should

A

Go beyond the taken for granted and question “why?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When Berger travelled over seas, what did he realize?

A

Traveling changes the way you see the world and causes something called Culture Shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Much like traveling, Sociology has the same ability to produce ____________ because it _________________.

A

Culture Shock because it leads you to ask bigger questions

Ex. Why do people care so much about sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Berger tells us we should…..

A

“look a little closer”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Mills tells us to

A

Think of sociology as self defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Mills argues that…

A

Social problems can sometimes manifest themselves as Personal troubles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Personal Troubles

A

Trouble that only affects you

Tripping or being unable to study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Social Problem

A

Personal trouble that comes from something that is not just about you

  • poor pavement, it wasnt your fault that you tripped
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Mills says that most of the things we experience are

A

a reflection of something out of our sight and until we learn to make thos connections we are in no postion to defend ourselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Connecting History and Biography

A

Every biography is located within a history, which influences the Biography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What two things do structures do?

A
  1. enable certain actions or activities

2. constrain certain actions or activites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are some examples of Social Structures, what do they constrain or enable

A

FAMILY
-enables: happy more fufilled life, children
-contraints: rules
INSTITUTIONS (like USA)
-enables:education, opportunity
-contrains: your life, jobs, activities
MARKETS
-enables: you to buy things so you dont have to make your own
-contrains:affordability, which goods you can have, supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Once you become a part of a market, what is your biggest constraint

A

You dont have the option to participate anymore and you cant opt out
Once your civilization goes to a market economy you cant opt out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are some examples of markets and why….

A

JOBS-you are selling your labor, and somebody is buying your labor
-how you get paid is a result of the demand of what you do and the supply of people who do it

MARRIAGE- customer and seller in the dating market
-still affected by supply and demand, your value depends on what you have to offer

52
Q

What does Social Delima do?

A

Studies behavior by causing a delima, provides for an easy way to see the power of structures

53
Q

Example of studying Social Delima?

A

Ultimatum Game- take it or leave it

54
Q

Reciprocity says that

A

People care very deeply about fairness and are willing to take nothing to punish other people, which makes us not rational.

55
Q

Contingency

A

What happens to you is a function of what you do and what somebody else does

56
Q

Most things we do in the social world are _______________.

A

Contingent

57
Q

What do you discover when playing the Prisoners Delima Game?

A

No matter what the other person does, you do better to deffect

58
Q

Dominant Response

A

A response that no matter what the other person does, its better for you
Surprisingly not the one most people do

(DEFECT)

59
Q

Optimal Response

A

Both cooperate

60
Q

Rational Trap

A

By doing what is best for you, you end up in a trap

61
Q

PDG is about

A

Structure. By changing structure, peoples answers change

62
Q

Structure determines you

A

Behavior

63
Q

The Commons game is an example of

A

A collective action problem, if people stay content with a small amount, they have an endless supply of money.
However greed and fear take over

64
Q

Garret Hardin worried that

A

There would be a population explosion and we would run out resources.

65
Q

Garret Hardin argued that

A

Technology (like birth control) cannot solve the population problem because peoples interest is not in using birth control, but in having babies

66
Q

Hardin said that the population problem….

A

was not a technology problem but a human problem

67
Q

The Commons delima game found that

A

The solution isnt technology, but changing behavior

68
Q

What did Adam Smith write and what did it argue

A

The Invisible Hand, it argued that if everyone worked just to improve themselves, this creates economic wealth for everyone, and everyone succeeds.
—-created capatalism

69
Q

What did Hardin argue in reference to the invisible hand?

A

He argued that everyone doing whats best for them would be a disaster
This is how the commons delima game was created.
—public farm area story (common pasture)

**By doing whats best for me, I screw it up for me and everyone else because everyone else is going to be tempted to do the same thing

70
Q

What is a big temptation that everyone has?

A

To become a free-rider

71
Q

Free-Rider

A

Someone who wants the advantage of something without contributing

72
Q

Public Good

A

Things everyone has whether paid for or not

73
Q

Private Good

A

Something that is just yours

74
Q

Collective action problem examples

A

Arms Control, Grades,Neighbors, Vaccines

75
Q

How can you solve a Collective action problem?

A

Small numbers of people (2-7) because they can closley watch each other and have enough interest to make you comply

Add private goods to public goods- Donating money and getting something in return

76
Q

Why dont contracts usually work?

A

People are tempted to be selfish

77
Q

How can you make a contract work?

A

Make it piggyback off of something else

- a larger entity that makes it work like a punishment or a fine

78
Q

What is the ultimate solution to a collective action problem?

A

Government…anything that solves a CAP is a form of government

79
Q

How does government solve CAP problems?

A

Food safety regulations
Toy safety
Transportaion
Legal system

80
Q

What is a map of a social network?

A

Sociogram

81
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of infectious disease

82
Q

What can network mapping help stop?

A

epedimics

Your location in the networkaffects the likelyhood of you getting a disease

83
Q

You can become more powerful by

A

filling a structural hole

84
Q

Fixers

A

People who bring seperate clicks together

85
Q

each person on a map is called a ______________ the ties between them are called______________.

A

Node, Link

86
Q

Who was the first person to argue that the network mattered?

A

Simmel

87
Q

Diad

A

Two people connectiod to eachother

88
Q

Triad

A

Three people connected to eachother

89
Q

In what three ways are Diads and Triads different, besides network shape.

A

Intamacy, Triads= each link competition for attention
Accountability- diads have high accountabillity
Interdependance (how much they need each other)
—-Diads =compromise
—-Triads=polotics

90
Q

What are the two types of network Densities?

A

Nominal-bare minimum
Saturated- Everyones connected

—most networks are in between

91
Q

In what two ways do nominal and saturated groups differ?

A

Decision Making and Group Think

92
Q

Who makes better decissions?

A

Nominal

93
Q

Nominal groups have what advantage over saturated groups?

A

They usually have more outside strong ties

Usually saturated groups know everyone and are very much alike.

94
Q

Which group is more likely to talk about the task?

A

Nominal

95
Q

Group Think

A

Prefer to be light than to be right- when somebody says something stupid people support it instead of shutting it down

96
Q

What are the guidlines on how to make better decissions?

A
  • Leader should never state their preference
  • Committy should not be friends, keep moving people in and out
  • someone should be randomly assigned to be devils advocate
97
Q

What are your morals dependant on?

A

How responsible you feel for an action

98
Q

Horizontal Diffusion

A

Other people around who could be responsible

–firing squad.

99
Q

Vertical Diffusion

A

There are people higher than me that are responsible

  • -customer service
  • -Mylai
100
Q

Low density groups tend to….

A

Diffuse responsibilty

Amoral and practical

101
Q

High density groups tend to

A

Concentrate responsibility

  • -hypermoral
  • -Justify in moral terms
    • able to enforce eachothers morality
102
Q

Micro Structure

A

Small Group

103
Q

Macro Structure

A

Large Group

104
Q

Great Transformation

A

Change in social practices, technology but biggest of all, a change in structure
–Shift in saturated, to nominal groups

105
Q

Modern societies are

A

non-saturated-People know people but not everyone knows everyone

106
Q

Germein Schaft

A

Communtity- groups who live together, do things together, etc

107
Q

Gessel Schaft

A

Society- group who live in the same place or have certain things in common

108
Q

Why did the transformation happen?

A

In earopean society around 1000, infant mortality started to increase
the chances were better that children would grow up to be adults, but society was not set up for this

109
Q

Premogenature

A

Oldest male child gets everything

Other children were forced to new cities or trade and industry

110
Q

Urbanization

A

Creation of cities

111
Q

What did Lewis Wirth study?

A

What happens to people when they move out of high density networks to low density networks

112
Q

A bigger population size meant that there was more

A

Diversity

113
Q

Segmentation

A

Everyone knows just a small selection of people

Urban communities are always segmented

114
Q

Population Density

A

A lot of people in a small amount of space

115
Q

In regard to cities, Simmel wanted to know

A

What made people so rude

116
Q

Cities tend to cause what

A

Sensory Overload

Cities assault us, people have to learn to filter things out to keep their sanity, and reduce connections to the bear minimum

117
Q

The city makes you

A

Blase

118
Q

Blase

A

Seeming rude, unfriendly, or uncaring

Cool-nothing bothers you

119
Q

Urban areas tend to be very

A

Specialized, there are so many people that the chances of people wanting your product are pretty high

120
Q

Competition ….

A

Forces you to specialize

121
Q

Cities value

A

Heterogeneity- differences

122
Q

Relativism

A

Just because someone is different doesnt mean you van cut them off
People have to figure out a way to live together

123
Q

Heterogeneity or Urban Enviroments creates

A

Tolerance

124
Q

Formalization

A

Creates organization to do the things that need to be done

In larger groups it gets harder to settle situations informally, formalization assigns people a job

125
Q

Bureacracy

A

Means of organizing an organization

In the modern world everything is a bureacracy because we live in a formalized society

126
Q

Weber said that the three elements of bueracracy are

A

Rules-Creates a degree of predictability for citezens, owners, and employees

Roles- company cares about roles not people, roles can be filled

Records- Lots of file cabinets-buearacracy

127
Q

What is sociology?

A

Sociology is the scientific study of social behavior and social phenomena

Sociology South Alabama (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions