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Epidemiology- Erin > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Delineate representative activities or examples of the terms used in the definition of epidemiology.

A

Epidemiology deals with determining the health of populations rather than the individual. The distribution of the disease deals with the frequency of the disease (ratio according population) and the pattern of disease occurrence. The determinants deal with the causes, factors of risk, mode of transmission, and elements that determine the presence of the disease

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2
Q

List the common objectives, uses, and core functions of epidemiology.

A

public health surveillance, field investigation, analytic studies, evaluation, linkages, and policy development (functions)

objectives: assist in developing public health policy, evaluate effectiveness of treatments, study natural course of disease, identify the causes of disease and those who may be at risk, determine the extent of disease, discover trends in disease in various populations over time

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3
Q

Describe the inter-relationship between public health and epidemiology and clinical medicine.

A

Clinical medicine deals with treating the individual of a disease while epidemiology works toward treating and preventing illness in a population. There are different methods to approaching disease due to the different goals in the disciplines.

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4
Q

Discuss Dr. John Snow. What illness was he concerned with and how he developed a process to determine the cause.

A

John Snow was concerned with cholera. He discovered the source of the disease to be a specific pump by actively collecting data.

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5
Q

Define and describe the discipline of epidemiology.

A

Epidemiology is a public health discipline basic science which studies the distribution and determinants of disease in populations to control disease and promote health.

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6
Q

Delineate the 3 factors necessary to appropriately compare disease frequencies in different populations.

A
  • # of people impacted/affected (frequency)
  • size of the source population or those at risk
  • length of time population is/are affected
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7
Q

absolute differences

A

subtraction

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8
Q

relative difference

A

division

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9
Q

adjusted disease/mortality rates

A

death rate

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10
Q

attack rate/ incidence proportion

A

number of new cases within a specified time period divided by the size of the population at risk

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11
Q

case definitions

A

-a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance
+enable public health to classify and count cases consistently across reporting jurisdictions

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12
Q

case fatality rate

A

of case specific deaths/# of cases of disease

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13
Q

cause-specific morbidity rate

A

of persons with cause-specific disease/# of persons in population

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14
Q

cause-specific mortality rate

A

of cause-specific deaths/# of persons in population

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15
Q

Cause-specific survival rate

A

of causde-specific cases alive/# of cases of disease

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16
Q

CDC

A

Center of Disease Control

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17
Q

Cluster

A

another word for outbreak

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18
Q

Common source outbreak

A

an outbreak that occurs due to a group of individuals are exposed to an infectious agent from the same source

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19
Q

crude morbidity rate

A

of persons with disease/# of persons in population

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20
Q

crude mortality rate

A

of deaths (all causes)/# of persons in population

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21
Q

cumulative incidence

A

measure of disease frequency over time period

-new cases/ at risk population

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22
Q

disease registries

A

collections of secondary data related to patients with a specific diagnosis, condition, or procedure.

-ca play a role in surveillance of pharmaceuticals

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23
Q

endemic

A

the constant presence of disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

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24
Q

epidemic

A

occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

  • community/period clearly defined
  • goal is to capture disease as early as possible
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25
Q

fertility rate

A

of live births/1000 women of childbearing age (15-44)

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26
Q

fixed/dynamic populations

A
  • a fixed population is one where the population is not in flux, defined by fixed characteristics
  • dynamic population is one where there are gains and losses of members
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27
Q

frequency

A

counts in relation to size of the population or group of interest

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28
Q

incidence

A

new cases of the disease

of new cases of disease/# of persons at risk for disease

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29
Q

incidence density

A

-appropriate for dynamic populations and fluctuating “at risk” periods

of new cases of disease/total person time of population at risk for disease

30
Q

incidence rate

A
  • time frames for numerator and denominator must be the same
  • not precise for dynamic populations
  • subtract individuals that aren’t susceptible to the disease

of new cases of disease/person-time at risk for the disease

31
Q

incubation period

A

the period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the symptoms

32
Q

induction period

A

time between exposure to a specific risk factor and the initiation of the disease

33
Q

infant mortality rate

A

of deaths of those less than a year/1000 live births

34
Q

infectivity

A

the ability of the pathogen to establish an infection/ how infectious is the pathogen

35
Q

latency period

A

the period between exposure to a pathogen and the onset of the symptoms, synonymous with incubation

36
Q

line (frequency) table

A

a table used for statistics, usually used to make an epidemic curve

37
Q

live birth rate (natality)

A

of live births/1000 population

38
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

of female deaths related to pregnancy/100,000 live births

39
Q

MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)

A

a weekly epidemiological digest posted by the CDC

40
Q

morbidity

A

the proportion of sickness of a specific disease(s) in a population

-crude vs cause-specific morbidity

41
Q

mortality

A

death

42
Q

neonatal mortality rate

A

of deaths in those

43
Q

outbreak

A

-an epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease

44
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic occurring over a very wide area involving a large number of people (transcontinental/transglobal)

45
Q

pathogenicity

A

the potential capacity of a certain microbe or virus to cause disease

46
Q

period prevalence

A

prevalence at any given point in time (ex. Dec 31st)

47
Q

person-time

A

a measurement combining the number of persons and their time contribution in a study

48
Q

propagation outbreak

A

an epidemic in which one or more of the first wave cases serves as a source of infection for the subsequent cases, and it continues as such

49
Q

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)

A

a nationwide collaboration that enables all levels of public health (local, state, federal, and international) to share notifiable disease related health information

50
Q

point source outbreak

A

persons are exposed to the same source over a brief period of time, such as a single meal or event

51
Q

postnatal mortality rate

A

of deaths in those >28 days but

52
Q

prevalence

A

-number of existing cases + new cases= all cases at the time

of existing cases of a disease/# of persons in populations

53
Q

prevalence rates

A

cases of disease/ population

54
Q

point prevalence

A

prevalence over a given period of time (ex. over a year)

55
Q

population vs sample

A

population is everyone that lives within a specific area whereas a sample is a small group representative of a population

56
Q

proportion

A

comparative relation between things

57
Q

proportional mortality rate

A

of deaths due to cause/ total number of deaths

58
Q

rate

A

quantify the probabilities of an event

59
Q

ratio

A

a statement of how two numbers compare

60
Q

relative differences

A

used to compare two quantities while taking into account the sizes of the things being compared

61
Q

risk

A

the potential of losing something of value, incidence, attack rate

62
Q

secondary attack rate

A

the probability that infection occurs among susceptible persons within a reasonable incubation period following known contact with an infectious person or source

63
Q

sentinel/index case

A

the first case presented during an epidemic

64
Q

standardized disease/mortality rate

A

quantifying the increase or decrease in mortality of a study of a general population

65
Q

surveillance (passive vs active)

A

monitoring the community for prevalence of disease
-passive: relies on healthcare system to follow regulations on required reportable diseases/conditions -> passively waits for reports to come in to track disease

-active: public health officials go into the community to search for new disease/condition cases

66
Q

survival rate

A

of cases that survived/# of cases of disease

67
Q

syndrome surveillance

A

a system where the physician looks for pre-defined signs/symptoms of patients, either being reported or evaluated

68
Q

virulence

A

the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as indicated by case fatality rates and the ability of the parasite to invade the tissue of the host

69
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization

70
Q

Describe how duration of disease incidence impacts prevalence.

A

The more incidence of disease there is the more prevalent will be. Incidence is the amount of new cases whereas prevalence is number of total cases. So the incidence directly impacts the amount of prevalence in a population.

71
Q

Describe what explicit factors/changes would increase and decrease the incidence and prevalence of a disease.

A

fs

72
Q

Generate, read, and interpret various types of epidemiological curves/graphs/charts/frequency table and calculate the various measure of disease frequency listed.

A

Review slides and practice problems

Epidemiology- Erin (3 decks)

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