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x-ray physics > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

negative end

A

cathode

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2
Q

positive end

A

anode

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3
Q

what is an x-ray?

A
  • electromagnetic energy

- heterogenous invisible beam that passes through body tissue

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4
Q

different _______ determines how to interact with matter.

A

energies

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5
Q

differential absorption

A

Difference in absorption by different body tissues

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6
Q

radiographic density

A

blackness

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7
Q

radiographic density appears _______ on radiograph?

A

black metallic silver

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8
Q

radiographic density and anatomic density relationship

A

inversely related

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9
Q

radiographic contrast

A

degrees of contrast btwn black and white

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10
Q

why do we have contrast in image? How does it happen?

A

Allows to see something.

When the xray encounter dense material like bones.

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11
Q

What would the film look like if all of the x-rays interacted with the emulsion and the film was then processed?

A

it would be black

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12
Q

Is it really the x-ray that interacts with the film emulsion to produce the image?

A

no

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13
Q

What color of light do rare earth crystals typically emit?

A

greenish- yellow

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14
Q

x-rays have ______ wavelength = _____ energy

A

short wavelength

high energy

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15
Q

another name for single x-ray beam

A

photon

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16
Q

what determines energy of x-ray?

A

Amount of energy of each electron. (Short wavelength high energy)

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17
Q

mass of x-ray

A

no mass

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18
Q

charge of x-ray

A

no charge

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19
Q

electromagnetic energies in order of energy (relative to x-ray)

A 
x-ray
Gamma
UV
Visible light
infrared
microwaves
radio waves
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20
Q

remove an electron from its orbit around a nucleus

A

ionize

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21
Q

energies in electromagnetic spectrum that have ability to ionize

A

x-ray

gamma

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22
Q

What makes an x-ray photon higher energy than a microwave?

A

short wavelength

high frequency

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23
Q

wave equation

A

velocity (speed of light) = wavelength x frequency

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24
Q

gamma ray

A

high energy radiation that doesn’t have mass

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25
Q

difference btwn gamma and x-rays

A

origin

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26
Q

Is a gamma ray always higher energy than an x-ray

A

no, relatively the same energy

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27
Q

do chiro’s use gamma rays?

A

no

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28
Q

Will exposure to x-radiation leave matter radioactive

A

no

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29
Q

To avoid being exposed to x-rays, how long must you wait before entering the x-ray room, after the exposure is terminated?

A

you can enter immediately

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30
Q

Why is a free electron in human tissue a worry?

A

can cause cancer

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31
Q

HOW MUCH OF THE ELECTRIC AND KINETIC ENERGY OF THE PROJECTILE ELECTRONS IS CONVERTED TO HEAT

A

99%

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32
Q

HOW MUCH OF THE ELECTRIC AND KINETIC ENERGY OF THE PROJECTILE ELECTRONS IS CONVERTED TO X-RAY?

A

1%

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33
Q

Is heat production an excitation or ionization interaction?

A

excitation

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34
Q

2 ways x-rays are produced

A

characteristics

bremsstrahlung

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35
Q

method of x-ray production that produces x-rays when electrons shift energy levels/shells within the atom?

A

characteristic

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36
Q

Tungsten is used as a target material. It has electron shells from “K” near nucleus to ____

A

P

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37
Q

Which characteristic x-rays of tungsten are useful enough to be useful?

A

K

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38
Q

at least _____ kVp is required to produce useful energy K-characteristic x-rays of tungsten

A

69.53 (70)

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39
Q

the characteristic x-ray with the most KeV of energy occurs from ___ to ___

A

P to K

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40
Q

Vast majority of x-rays in beam are result of _______ method

A

bremsstrahlung

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41
Q

in bremsstrahlung x-ray production, x-ray energies range from _____ to _____ KeV

A

0- 125 (machine stops at 125)

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42
Q

photographic properties of radiographic quality

A

density

contrast

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43
Q

geometric properties of radiographic quality

A

visibility
recorded detail (sharpness)
size
shape

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44
Q

mA and time of exposure controls

A

density

45
Q

kVp controls:

A

contrast

46
Q

relationship btwn mA and radiographic density

A

proportional

47
Q

equation for mAs

A

mA * seconds

48
Q

mAs determines # of

A

x-rays

49
Q

as the kVp increases, the ____ of x-ray is increased

A

energy

50
Q

degrees of difference btwn black, white and various shades of gray is property of:

A

contrast

51
Q

transport of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields

A

electromagnetic energy

52
Q

how is electromagnetic radiation produced?

A

electrons accelerating and decelerating

53
Q

rays that have mass, massive compared to electrons

  • more likely to ionize, take up space
  • move fast
A

alpha rays

54
Q

rays that have tiny mass, negative charge, slower than the speed of light

A

beta rays

55
Q

_____ tends to cause SINGLE strand DNA to break

A

x-rays

56
Q

______ tend to cause DOUBLE stranded DNA to break

A

alpha rays and beta rays

57
Q

current that produces x-ray

A

DC

58
Q

power companies use which current

A

AC

59
Q

purpose of rectifier

A

convert AC to DC

60
Q

do all electrons have same velocity as they pass from cathode to anode?

A

No

61
Q

rectifier that produces a beam with the highest energy x-rays

A

high frequency rectifier

62
Q

rectifier that reduces patient exposure by at least 30%

A

high frequency rectifier

63
Q

rectifier that is the most consistent with the concept of ALARA

A

high frequency rectifier

64
Q

rectifier that will extend the tube life

A

high frequency rectifier

65
Q

rectifier that can be plugged in to a 110 outlet

A

high frequency rectifier

66
Q

rectifier that produces the highest contrast radiograph

A

full wave rectifier

67
Q

cost of full wave rectifier vs. high frequency

A

$3,000 to $5,000 more will cost the High Frequency

68
Q

boiling off of electrons

A

thermionic emission

69
Q

location where x-rays are produced in x-ray tube

A

focal spot

70
Q

mAs is _____ related to radiographic density

A

directly

71
Q

electrical unit to set console to accelerate electrons from cathode to anode

A

kVp

72
Q

as kVp is increased, _____ of x-ray is increased

A

energy

73
Q

degree difference btwn black, white and various shades of grey

A

contrast

74
Q

anode spins to:

A

dissipate heat

75
Q

rpm of the anode

A

3600

76
Q

anode should spin ____ after the exposure is terminated to ensure no rotor bearing

A

at least 90 seconds

77
Q

type of motor that spins anode

A

electromagnetic induction

78
Q

current that spins anode

A

DC

79
Q

target area of anode is made of

A

tungsten

80
Q

anode target has ___ melting point

A

high

81
Q

anode target has ____ atomic #

A

high

82
Q

focusing cup has strong ____ charge to keep electrons focused into a small focal spot area on the target of anode

A

negative

83
Q

360 degree divergence of x-rays from focal spot

A

isotropic

84
Q

x-ray tube is filled with

A

nothing, its a vacuum

85
Q

tube housing lined with

A

lead

86
Q

tube housing filled with

A

oil

87
Q

opening that allows x-rays out of tube housing

A

collimator

88
Q

to produce x-rays, electrons flow from ____ to ____

A

filament (cathode) to rotating anode

89
Q

thermionic emission takes place:

A

filament

90
Q

___ and ___ make up electromagnetic induction motor to spin anode

A

rotor

stator

91
Q

___ is spot where x-rays are produced

A

target

92
Q

goal of anode heel effect

A

consistent/uniform radiographic density throughout film

93
Q

anode side of tube can be located by:

A

positive label
listening for spin
finding wire for AC current

94
Q

side of radiograph that will exhibit LEAST radiographic density

A

anode

95
Q

high atomic # of tungsten ABSORBS _____ energy x-rays

A

low

96
Q

anode side for lateral thoracic spine radiograph

A

down

97
Q

anode side for lateral lumbar spine radiograph

A

up

98
Q

anode side for AP thoracic spine radiograph

A

up

99
Q

anode for full spine 14” x 36” film

A

up

100
Q

anode side for lateral cervical spine radiograph

A

doesn’t matter on a 10X 12” film at 40

101
Q

anode heel effect becomes important in terms of film size and SID

A

large film size at short SID

102
Q

placing anode/cathode side in proper place affects the radiograph’s overall density by:

A

producing uniform density

103
Q

how should tube be installed?

A

anode up

104
Q

side of radiograph that is sharpest

A

anode

105
Q

___ side of x-ray emits x-rays that are relatively perpendicular to the film

A

anode

106
Q

since anode is always at top in chiro office, how do we get it to bottom

A

compensatory filters

107
Q

anode for AP femur

A

down

108
Q

72” film has to have _____ SID for anode heel effect

A

14X36

109
Q

40” film has to have ______ SID for anode heel effect

A

14X17

x-ray physics (2 decks)

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