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PNS > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The PNS is derived from ____

A

Neural Crest Cells

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2
Q

The DRG is made up of what type of neurons?

A

Pseudounipolar

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3
Q

What myelinates the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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4
Q

What is the functional cell for energy (ATP)?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

Multiple branches to the cell body that carries signals through brain / spinal cord?

A

Multipolar

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6
Q

Cell bodies of the PNS are made up of?

A

Pseudounipolar or Multipolar

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7
Q

Most common cell causing tumor?

A

Astrocytoma

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8
Q

Umbilicus is at what dermatome level?

A

T-10

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9
Q

MS is cause by defect of?

A

Autoimmune attack of myelin

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10
Q

Forms glycoproteins and lysosomes?

A

Golgi Bodies

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11
Q

Thick sheath covering a fascicle and nerve fibers?

A

Perineurium

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12
Q

The minimum amount of neurons in a reflex?

A

2

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13
Q

In the ventricular zone, neurons are?

A

Pleuripotent (Stem Cells)

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14
Q

Satellite cells are similar to what in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

What produces CSF?

A

Ependymal Cells

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16
Q

A strip of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve?

A

Dermatome

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17
Q

The patellar reflex is an example of?

A

Myotactic 1a Fibers

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18
Q

Crossed effect is an example of?

A

Withdrawal reflex aka FLEXOR REFLEX

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19
Q

Type A axons are?

A

Largest in diameter

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20
Q

Type C axons are?

A

slowest (unmyelinated)

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21
Q

Type of motor neuron responds to muscle stretch?

A

Gamma

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22
Q

Golgi tendons are an example of?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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23
Q

Which of the following have free nerve endings?

A

Thermoreceptors (Merkel, Follicular)

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24
Q

Motor supply of a muscle spindle is by?

A

Gamma type neurons

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25
Q

Satellite cells cover neuronal cell bodies in the?

A

PNS

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26
Q

Multipolar neurons have several fibers from one?

A

Cell Body

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27
Q

Covers only one fiber and surrounds neuronal fibers?

A

Endonerium

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28
Q

Surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perineurium

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29
Q

Form glycoproteins and lysosomes?

A

Golgi Bodies

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30
Q

Small unmyelinated sensory fibers that pick up pain, temperature and touch?

A

C Fibers

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31
Q

Fat, myelinated motor fibers

A

Alpha fibers

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32
Q

Ventricular zone contains?

A

Pleuripotent cells

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33
Q

The marginal zone has either?

A

Neurons or glial cells

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34
Q

A myelination disease?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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35
Q

Astrocytomas account for what percentage of brain tumors?

A

23%

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36
Q

A territory from which a sensory unit can be excited?

A

Receptor Field

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37
Q

A secondary sensory innervations that detects degree of stretch?

A

Flowerspray endings

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38
Q

Golgi tendon organs are found at?

A

Muscle tendon junctions

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39
Q

A flexor reflex / withdrawal reflex is what type of effect?

A

Crossed Effect

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40
Q

The Cauda Equina is located at?

A

L2-S2

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41
Q

The epidural space has?

A

Fat pad

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42
Q

What myelinates the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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43
Q

What type of fiber responds to muscle stretch in Patella reflex?

A

Alpha

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44
Q

Groups of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nuclei

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45
Q

Groups of cell bodies in the PNS

A

Ganglia

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46
Q

Surrounds several fibers creating a fascicle

A

Perineurium

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47
Q

Surrounds one fiber

A

Endoneurium

48
Q

Surrounds groups of fascicles

A

Epineurium

49
Q

Rough ER, also known as

A

Nissel Bodies

50
Q

Which part of the neuron contains nissle bodies?

A

Dendrite, NOT the axon

51
Q

What is the rER function?

A

Synthesize proteins

52
Q

Nucleus contains ___, allowing communication inside and outside

A

double layered phospholipids with NUCLEAR PORES

53
Q

Golgi bodies function

A

Storage
Forms glycoproteins
Forms lysosomes (enzymes)

54
Q

Cytotoskeleton forms the ____ of the neuron and aides in ____

A

frame; transport

55
Q

Cytoskeleton components, largest to smallest

A

microtubules > microfilaments > microfibrils

56
Q

What is a neurophil?

A

Field of axons, dendrites and glial processes

57
Q

In a nerve injury, which end will degenerate?

A

Distal end

58
Q

What is required for nerve injury regeneration?

A

Growth cone

59
Q

What is chromatolysis

A

Debri left behind from generative process

60
Q

Retrograde vs Anterograde transmission

A

Anterograde: soma –> synapse
Retrograde: synapse –> soma

61
Q

Histogenises of neurons

A

Ventricular Zone
Intermediate Zone
Marginal Zone

62
Q

What occurs in the intermediate zone?

A

Differentiates into neuroblast / gliablast

63
Q

What occurs in the marginal zone?

A

Mature neuron or glial cell, leaves to join body

64
Q

What occurs in the ventricular zone?

A

Pluripotent (stem cells) begin development

65
Q

Name the Neuroglia cells

A 
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Schwann Cell
Satellite Cells
66
Q

Most numerous glial cell?

A

Astrocytes

67
Q

Glial cell that can hold MANY fibers in place

A

Oligodendrocytes

68
Q

Holds one fiber in place

A

Schwann Cells

69
Q 
Protoplasmic = \_\_\_\_ matter; 
Fibrous = \_\_\_\_ matter
A

Grey;

White

70
Q

Ependymal cells are what kind of cells?

A

Pseudostratified

71
Q

Function of ependymal cells?

A

Produce CSF

Line the ventricles

72
Q

Satellite cells are flattened ____ cells, and are analogous to ____

A

Schwann; astrocytes

73
Q

Satellite cells are ____

A

Pseudounipolar

74
Q

Astrocytomas are a type of ____, which is the number one type of brain cancer

A

Gilomas

75
Q

What is the dermatome for the nipple area?

A

T4

76
Q

What is the dermatome for the big toe?

A

L5

77
Q

What is the dermatome for the heel / little toe?

A

S1

78
Q

What is the dermatome for the back of the thigh?

A

S2

79
Q

Discriminative touch and kinesthetic stimuli are carried by ___ axons

A

myelinated type A

80
Q

Pain, touch, and temperature are carried by _______ axons

A

un-myelinated type C

81
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors, AKA ___

A

Phasic: contain refractory period - will stop responding even with continued stimulus

82
Q

Slowly adapting receptors, AKA ___

A

Tonic: will always continue to respond to stimulus

83
Q

Classification by source:

A

Exteroreceptor (stimuli from outside)
Interoreceptor (stimuli from inside)
Proprioceptors (position sense, body mvmt)

84
Q

Classification by modality:

A

Nociceptors (pain) - sensory, unmyel type C
Thermoceptors (temp) - sensory, unmyel type C
Mechanoreceptors (physical deformation) -> golgi tendon

85
Q

Receptor types (2)

A

Nonencapsulated

Encapsulated

86
Q

Name the NONencapsulated receptor types

A

Free Nerve endings – pain + temp, RA mechanoreceptors
Follicular – Touch (hair), RA
Merkel – Edge detector, pressure, SA

87
Q

Name the ENCAPSULATED receptor types

A

Meissner’s – touch (superficial), RA
Ruffini’s – shearing (drag), SA
Pacinian – vibration (largest), RA

88
Q

Reflex contains two parts:

A

Sensory limb

Motor limb

89
Q

What is a sensory unit?

A

Stem fiber and all of its endings

90
Q

What are ALPHA fibers?

A

Gray matter
Go to voluntary muscles
Motor
Extrafusal fibers

91
Q

What are GAMMA neurons?

A

Go to muscle spindle
Motor
Innervate intrafusal fibers

92
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Intrafusal fibers, that are striated and multinucleated

STRETCH receptor

93
Q

Intrafusal fibers are GAMMA fibers, and have 2 types:

A

Nuclear bag fibers
Nuclear chain fibers
Sensory innervations wrap around these

94
Q

Sensory supply has a primary and secondary

A 
Annulospiral (primary) = RATE of stretch
Flower Spray (secondary) = DEGREE of stretch (SA)
95
Q

Muscle spindles are ____ receptors

A

STRETCH

96
Q

What is active vs passive stretch receptors?

A 
Active = produced by fusimotor fibers
Passive = Knee Jerk - tendon stretched, producing an alpha MOTOR RESPONSE along with an inhibitory neuron
97
Q

CNS is derived from

A

Neural Tube

98
Q

Golgi tendon organs measure the ___ force of the contraction

A

force

99
Q

Golgi tendons function primarily as

A

Autogenic inhibition (self) – prevents muscle from excessive contraction

100
Q

Ligaments, capsules and menisci have what type of nerve fibers?

A

Unmyelinated, freely ending

101
Q

Flexory / Withdrawal reflex involves ____

A

the ENTIRE limb = several spinal segments

102
Q

What is a cross effect?

A

simultaneous and opposite patter of activity in the contralateral limb

103
Q

Sensory info from joints, muscle and skin are integrated in the ____

A

Parietal lobe

104
Q

Cranial nerves emerge ___ cervical vertebra, except ____

A

above — C8 emerges below C7

105
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves?

A

5

106
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves?

A

5

107
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves?

A

8

108
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves?

A

12

109
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves?

A

1

110
Q

To sample CSF, insert needle between

A

L3/4, or L4/5

111
Q

Dura mater is ___ layered, but ___ around brain

A

single; double

112
Q

Epidural space contains

A

fat pad and plexus of veins

113
Q

Arachnoid contains

A

Trabeculae that extend to the pia, which suspends the spinal cord

114
Q

Pia mater

A

attached to spinal cord surface

Expanded as denticulate ligament

115
Q

Spinal Dura (Dural Sac)

A

Single layer
Ends at S2
Anchored by coccygeal ligament
Separated from vertebral periosteum (by fat/plexus)

116
Q

Spinal Arachnoid

A

Potential subdural space
Trabeculae
Lumbar Cistern: L2-S2

117
Q

Spinal Pia

A

Filum terminale

21 denticulate ligaments

PNS (5 decks)

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