TEST #1 Flashcards
Proteins, carbs and fats are the three ____________
Macronutrients
At rest Respiratory Quotent (RQ) is normally .__
.76
At rest RQ is normally .76, what is the fat percentage and carbs percentage
80% fat; 20% carbs
What percentage of your daily energy comes from protein
5-10%
More carbs are burned in times of stress because
Anaerobic system requires fast ATP
One liter of oxygen consumption is __ kcal burned
5
Byproducts of aerobic system
Water and CO2
Byproduct of anerobic system
Lactic Acid
Definition: breakdown of fat
Lipolysis
70% of lactic acid is ___________
Oxidized
__% of Lactic acid is oxidized
70
Cycle in which Lactic acid can convert back to glucose
Cori Cycle
True or False: Lactic acid is a waste
False
True or False: without O2, glycolysis can still go
True
True or False: without Electron Transport Chain, KREB Cycle still works
False
Product of the Krebs Cycle
Citrate
Each Krebs Cycle produces _ NADH and _ FADH
3 NADH & 1 FADH
Definition: Removing an electron (does not require oxygen)
Oxidation
True or False: Oxidation does not require oxygen
True
_____ is oxidizing agent
NAD
_____ is reducing agent
NADH
True or False: Oxidation and reduction are always couples reaction + = -
True
Definition: addition of an electron
Reduction
3 major macronutrients
Carbs, proteins, fats
Definition: breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
After heart attack, supervised exercise
Cardiac Rehab
Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Metabolism
Converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into energy
Bioenergetics
Semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment
Cell membrane
Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis
Nucleus
Fluid portion of cell, contains organelles (mitochondria)
Cytoplasm
____ contains information to produce proteins
DNA
Transcription produces _____.
mRNA
_______________ produces mRNA.
Transcription
______ leaves nucleus and binds to ribosome.
mRNA
_________ __________ are carried to ribosome by tRNA.
Amino Acids
Amino acids are carried to the ribosome by ____.
tRNA
In translation, ____ is used to determine the arrangement of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
mRNA
Cellular Chemical Reaction that requires energy to be added
Endergonic
Cellular Chemical Reactions that release energy
Exergonic reactions
The energy given off by the _________ reaction powers the ___________ reaction.
Exergonic; Endergonic
Removing an electron
Oxidation
Addition of an electron
Reduction
___ is a coenzyme found in all living cells
NAD
___ is an oxidizing agent which accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced (NADH).
NAD
Another word for blood sugar
Glucose
Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle
Glycogen
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of _________ to ___________.
Glycogen; Glucose
Primary type of fat used by the muscle
Fatty acids
A major component of all cell membrane. Not used as an energy source
Phospholipids
Derived from colesterol; needed to synthesize steroid hormones
Steroids
Composed of amino acids
Protein
Consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Does not involve O2 (PC)
Anaerobic
Requires O2, oxidative phosphorylation
Aerobic pathways
Anaerobic ATP production
Lasts - seconds
5-10
What energy system last 5-10 seconds and provides immediate energy supply
Anaerobic
System that’s to mitochondria for ATP generation
Aerobic
System to convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid
Anaerobic
Formation of ATP without the use of O2 is termed ___________ metabolism
Anaerobic
Historically, 1 glucose produced 38 ATP. Recent research indicates that 1 glucose produces __ ATP.
32
One mile of ATP has energy yield of ___ kcal.
7.3
Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is ___%. __% of energy is released as heat
34; 66
almost 100% of ATP produced by _________ metabolism.
Aerobic
After ______ ________ is reached, ATP requirement is met through aerobic ATP production
Steady state
Trained subjects have a lower ________ ________.
Oxygen deficit
Removal of lactic acid following exercise
__% lactic acid is oxidized
__% converted to glucose
__% converted to amino acids
70;20;10
The point at which blood lactic acid rises exponentially during incremental exercise
Lactate threshold; also called anaerobic threshold
50% fat 50% carbs! Respiratory exchange rate is .__
.85
The __________ ___________ ______ (R) is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to the oxygen consumed. (VCO2/VO2)
Respiratory Exchange Rate
__________ _________ describes the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases
Crossover concept
___________ is depleted during prolonged high intensity exercise
Glycogen
________ ________ can be converted to glucose in the liver
Cori Cycle
Almost 100% of ATP produced by _____________ metabolism
Aerobic
What is the lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise
Oxygen Deficit
Majority of lactic acid converted to glucose in liver is ___________ theory
Classical
____________ glands release hormones directly into the blood
Endocrine
_____________ alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind.
Hormones
True or False: Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors
True
Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone
Downregulation
Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone
Upregulation
__________ hormone secretes from anterior pituitary gland
Growth
_____________ hormone secretes from posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic (ADH)
___________ hormone reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume.
Antidiuretic
_____________ gland stimulates by the thyroid stimulating hormone.
Thyroid gland
Increase metabolic rate; increased fuel mobilization; act in a permissive manner to allow other hormones to exert their full effect
Thyroid gland
_____________ ____________ secretes the catecholamines
Adrenal Medulla
Fast acting hormones; part of the “fight or flight” response
Adrenal Medulla
Fast acting hormones
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
___________ _________ secretes steroid hormones derived from cholesterol
Adrenal Cortex
___________ secretes insulin
Pancreas
____________ maintain normal blood glucose level
Glucagon
______________ the maintenance of a constant internal environment
Homeostasis
FFA mobilization dependent on __________ ____________ __________ (HSL)
Hormone sensitive lipase
FFA mobilization __________ during heavy exercise
Decreases
