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Soil Science > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Any foul substance such as mud and grime, dust ,excrement

A

Dirt

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2
Q

unconsolidated mineral and organic materials on the immediate surface of the earth that serve as a natural medium for the growth of plants.

A

Soil

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3
Q

Define Pediology

A

the study of soil a natural body.

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4
Q

Define Edaphology

A

study of soil from the standpoint of higher plants.

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5
Q

funcitons of soils(6)

A
  1. medium for plant growth
  2. recycling system for nutrients and organic matter.
  3. Habitat for soil organisms.
  4. Water supply and purification.
  5. Engineering Medium.
  6. Modifier of the Atmosphere.
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6
Q

top 1 to 2 meters where plant growth occurs.

A

Solum

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7
Q

Unconsolidated material overlying rock

A

Regolith

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8
Q

arrangement of the soil particles.

A

Soil Structure.

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9
Q

Red soil Indicates

A

dehydrated iron compounds

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10
Q

Yellow Soil indicates

A

hydrated iron oxides, somewhat restricted drainage.

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11
Q

Gray

A

reduced iron and poor drainage.

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12
Q

What typically produce soil colors?(4)

A

organic matter,iron compounds, silica and lime

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13
Q

Soil color indicates what (4)

A

organic matter, drainage, salts, and weathering

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14
Q

Surface soils are generally darker than subsoil due to higher concentration of organic matter contents, (True or False)

A

True.

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15
Q

dominant color of the rainbow

A

Hue

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16
Q

degree of lightness or darkness

A

Value

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17
Q

degree of purity of hue.(departure from grayness)

A

Chroma

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18
Q

Soil Texture influences(4)

A

water intake, absorption, soil aeration, and the nutrient holding capacity.

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19
Q

Sand particle size

A

.05-2mm

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20
Q

Silt particle size

A

.002-.05mm

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21
Q

Clay particle size

A

less than .002mm

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22
Q

Anything under 2mm in size

A

Soil particle

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23
Q

the arrangement of soil sparates into aggregates called peds.

A

Structure

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24
Q

(type of structure)Soil surface affected by tillate

A

Granular

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25
Q

(type of structure) very porous granular

A

crumb

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26
Q

(type of structure) anything flat

A

platy

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27
Q

(type of structure) angular or subangular

A

Blocky

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28
Q

(type of structure) single grained

A

structure less.

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29
Q

A vertical section of the soil through all of its horizons, extending surface to the parent material.

A

Profile

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30
Q

horizontal soil layer that differs in characteristics from layers above and below.

A

Horizon

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31
Q

(Master Horizon) above the surface of the mineral soil

A

O, Organic horizon

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32
Q

(Master Horizon) enriched with organic matter.

A

A, Surface mineral

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33
Q

(Master Horizon) zone of loss. Loss of silicate clay, Fe and Al leaving a concentration of resistant sand of silt particles.

A

E, Eluvial horizon

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34
Q

(Master Horizon) zone of accumulation, accumulation of Fe and clay that results in enhanced structure.

A

B, illuvial horizon.

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35
Q

(Master Horizon) material little affected by soil forming.

A

C, Parent Material

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36
Q

(Master Horizon) like sandstone, limestone, or granite.

A

R, Hard Bedrock

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37
Q

subordinate (g)

A

soil is grey due to poor drainage.

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38
Q

subordinate (p)

A

plowing or other disturbance

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39
Q

subordinate (t)

A

accumulation of silicate clay

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40
Q

subordinate (x)

A

fragipan, high bulk density.

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41
Q

the chemical breakdown of rocks and minerals with the formation (synthesis) of new minerals.

A

Weathering

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42
Q

weathering produces

A

plant materials for soils.

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43
Q

Types of physical weathering

A

Abrasion, Organisms, Temperature, Physical disintegration.

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44
Q

Main agents of chemical weathering

A

Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide.

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45
Q

Five reactants involved in decomposition

A

Solution, hydrolysis, carbonation, oxidation, hydration.

46
Q

Solution

A

dissolving a solid in a liquid

47
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Attack of H+ ions onto crystal surfaces spliting of H20 molecules .

48
Q

Carbonation

A

Reaction of compound with carbonic acid formed by root and organism respiration.

49
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons, transfer of electron reactions.

50
Q

Hydration

A

Combination of water with a solid chemical mineral or salt

51
Q

topography mostly affects: (2)

A

Soil moisture and relationships, Soil Erosion

52
Q

Climate mainly affects:

A

moisture and temperatue

53
Q

Precipitation does what:

A

increases weathering and clay formation,
decreases pH and Lower fertility
Increases vegetation and organic matter.

54
Q

Temperature affects

A

10C doubles rates of reaction, affects organic matter content in soils(moisture).

55
Q

Prairies vs. Forests

A

Prarie has more organic matter and its more evenly distributed.

56
Q

How does time affect soil development

A

in a warm humid climate soil development is much faster than in an arid region.

57
Q

Classification system of Soils

A

Soil taxonomy

58
Q

(Surface Horizons) Mollic

A

thick dark colored, high fertility

59
Q

(Surface Horizons) Umbric

A

thick dark colored, low fert.

60
Q

(Surface Horizons) Orchric

A

light in color, low organic matter, hard

61
Q

(Surface Horizons) Histic

A

very high organic

62
Q

(Subsurface Horizons) Argillic(t)

A

silicate clay

63
Q

(Subsurface Horizons) Fragipan (x)

A

brittle pan dense loamy

64
Q

(Subsurface Horizons) Albic(E)

A

light colored, clay Fe

65
Q

(Subsurface Horizons) Cambic (w)

A

altered or changed by

66
Q

Collection of soil seperates held together by clay organic matter and other cementing agents. Important in inflitration and absorption.helps percolation and holds soil to the surface.

A

Aggregates

67
Q

dispersion of soil particles and sealing the pores

A

Soil crusting

68
Q

Particle Density (formula)

A

density of soils solids alone, (mass or dry soil)/(volume of solids)

69
Q

Bulk Density (formula)

A

density of soil as it exists in nature.

mass of dry soil)/ (volume of solids + pores

70
Q

the physical condition of the soil in relation to plant growth.

A

Soil Tilth

71
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

low energy bond between H atom of one water.

72
Q

attraction of water molecules for each other

A

Cohesion

73
Q

Adhesion

A

Attraction of water molecules for solid surfaces

74
Q

results from greater attraction of water molecules for each other than for air.

A

Surface Tension

75
Q

the difference in energy level between pure water and soil water

A

Soil water potential

76
Q

tendency of excess water to move to the water table

A

Gravitational potential

77
Q

pressure potential
Matric potential(suction and tension)
Solute Potential

A

+ due to weight of
- attraction of water to solid surfaces
negative, osmotic potiential

78
Q

Maximum Retention Capacity

A

saturation, all pores are filled with rain water.

79
Q

Field Capacity

A

Rain water drains for 2 to 3 days

80
Q

Permanent wilting Point

A

plants cannot obtain enough water from soil to survive.

81
Q

hygroscopic water

A

moves through pores as water vapor, non liquid.

82
Q

Capillary water

A

water moves in pores of capillary size, along potential gradient. between field capacity and hygroscopic water

83
Q

Plant available water

A

water that can be absorbed by roots.

84
Q

measures potential by which water is held in soil

A

Tensiometer

85
Q

Five soil forming factors

A

Climate, Native, Parent, Topography, Time

86
Q

Soil Genesis

A

the evolution of soil from its parent material.

87
Q

parent material

A

the upper part of the regolith that develops into a soil.

88
Q

Minerals

A

Solid, inorganic elements or elemental compounds having definite atomic structures and chemical compounds which vary within a fixed range.

89
Q

Rocks are _____

A

aggregates of minerals

90
Q

——-parent materials are formed in place from rocks and minerals

A

Residual or residum

91
Q

_______form from molten magma, kind of minerals found in igneous rocks.

A

Primary minerals

92
Q

_______ are recrystallized products of the chemical breakdown of primary minerals.

A

Secondary Minerals

93
Q

________ rocks, high temperature melts that solidify into minerals upon cooling.

A

Igneous

94
Q

________rocks, formed from the products of mineral weathering that are created in one location and then transported and deposited in another (usually the ocean floor)

A

Sedimentary

95
Q

______result from the transformation of igneous or sedimentary rocks under high heat and pressure.

A

Metamorphic

96
Q

Parent materials transported by gravity

A

Colluvium

97
Q

Parent materials transported by water(3)

A

Alluvium, Marine, Lacustrine

98
Q

Parent materials transported by wind

A

Eolian

99
Q

parent materials transported by ICE

A

Glacial

100
Q

6 levels of classification from biggest to smallest.

A

order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, series

101
Q

formed from volcanic ash and lava deposits

A

Andisols

102
Q

Soils with argillic or natric horizons; formed under forests

A

Alfisols

103
Q

have a permafrost layer

A

Gelisols

104
Q

young soils with weak B horizons

A

inceptisols

105
Q

mostly highly weathered soils; accumulation of Fe and Al oxides

A

Oxisols

106
Q

very young soils with no B horizon

A

entisols

107
Q

Formed in dry Climates

A

Aridisols

108
Q

High content of shrink-swell clays; deep cracks when dry

A

Vertisols

109
Q

Soils with more than 30% organic matter

A

histosols

110
Q

Soils with deep, Dark A horizons formed under grasslands

A

Mollisols

111
Q

Have a spodic horizon

A

Spodosols

112
Q

more weathered than alfisols but less weathered than oxisols

A

Ultisols

Soil Science (3 decks)

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