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bio 109 -2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what makes for a valid hypothesis*

A
  • Must be testable (Objective not Subjective)
  • Must be Falsifiable (be able to be proven wrong)
  • Allow for Prediction to be made
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2
Q

What is Objective*

A

Not influenced by opinion

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3
Q

What is subjective*

A

Based On personal Feelings

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4
Q

Interpret evidence and explain its role in science

A
  • Observation and reasoning

- many reasons behind evidence

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5
Q

What is deductive reasoning (give examples)

A

-Specific conclusion based on general rule

Ex:Since all humans are mortal, and I am a human, then I am mortal.

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6
Q

What is Inductive reasoning (Give examples)

A
  • Specific observations used to develop a general rule

- EX: All cats that you have observed purr. Therefore, every cat must purr.

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7
Q

Scientific Theory

A

General rule supported by majority of evidence

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8
Q

Evolution

A

Change over time

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9
Q

Homologous structure

A

Came from the same structure in a common ancestor

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10
Q

Analogous structure

A

Look similar now but came from different structures

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11
Q

Contrast organisms in the 3 domains of life

A
  • Bacteria,eukarya,Archaea
  • Archaea and eukarya closely related
  • Bacteria and archaea: Prokaryotes-before nucleus
  • eukaryotes consist of animals,plants,fungi,protists: with nucleus
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12
Q

interpret taxonomic descriptions & phylogenies

A
  • Dear kevin please come over for gay sex
  • Taxonomy-classification
  • Phylogeny: Tree of life
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13
Q

Explain what makes something alive

A
  1. composed of cells
  2. complex and ordered
  3. respond to their environment
  4. grow, develop and reproduce
  5. obtain and use energy
  6. homeostasis
  7. allow for evolutionary adaption
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14
Q

Oil Rig

A

Oxidation is lost Reduction is gained (electrons)

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15
Q

What is a chemical bond

A

Bonds that hold together atoms in a molecule or compound

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16
Q

What is an ionic bond

A

Attraction between oppositely charged ions

  • Redox reations form this
  • chemically the strongest
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17
Q

What is a covalent bond

A

when atoms share electrons

  • protons=electrons-no net charge
  • More shared electrons: stronger bond
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18
Q

Difference between polar and non polar

A

NP: Equal sharing
P: unequal sharing

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19
Q

Why does water have the properties it does & what are they

A
  • Polar covalent
  • Hydrogen bond-weak attraction between molecules
    1. Cohesion-molecules stick together
    2. adhesion-water molecules stick to other polar molecules
    3. high heat- lots of energy to change temp, retains heat well
    4. High vaporization heat- lots of energy to turn into gas
    5. More dense than ice
    6. Repels nonpolar - hydrophobic
    7. Good solvent for polar - hydrophilic
    8. Forms ions- h20->oh+h
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20
Q

acids

A

High H+

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21
Q

Bases

A

Low H+

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22
Q

why do extreme Ph break molecular structure

A

Breaks H bond

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23
Q

What are the 4 Macromolecules

With examples

A

Carbohydrates: Starch
Nucleic acid: DNA, RNA
Proteins: Amino acids
Lipids: Fats

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24
Q

How are these macromolecules formed

A

Dehydration synthesis

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25
Q

Out of Maltose, glucose and lactose which is the odd one out and why

A

Glucose is a polysaccharide while maltose and lactose are disaccharides

26
Q

what is primary structure

A

a sequence of amino acids

27
Q

Secondary structure?

A

Folding due to H-Bonds

28
Q

Tertiary structure?

A

final folding of amino acid chain due to hydrophobia region

29
Q

Quarternary structure

A

multiple peptides (Subunits)

30
Q

what is denaturation

A

Breaking of H Bonds

31
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed

32
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Disorder is continuously increasing

33
Q

Exothermic

A

Energy of product > reactants (releases energy)

34
Q

Endothermic

A

Energy of reactants > Products (costs Energy) = catabolic

35
Q

Anabolic

A

Reaction that builds larger molecules

36
Q

Catabolic

A

Reaction that breaks into smaller molecules

37
Q

Activation energy

A

amount of energy required to start a reaction

38
Q

Enzyme

A

Biological catalyst

39
Q

How does an enzyme work

A

Substrate binds to active site on enzyme

Creates molecule

40
Q

How can an enzyme be changed

A

Competitive inhibition-Interferes with active site

Non competitive inhibition- changes shape of enzyme

41
Q

What is transcription

A

Making mRNA from DNA

42
Q

What is Translation

A

Making proteins from mRNA

43
Q

Describe transciption

A
  • RNA polymerase reads template DNA
  • T (thymine) in DNA replaced by U (uracil) in mRNA
  • Produces single stranded mRNA molecule: easy transportation
44
Q

Describe Translation

A
  • Ribosomes read mRNA codons, and attach a complimentary tRNA anticodon
  • tRNA have attached anticodon
  • Dehydration synthesis -> peptides
45
Q

Point Mutation

A

Substitution in genetic code

  • silent: same amino acid
  • Missense: different amino acid
  • nonsense: stop codon
46
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

addition or deletion in genetic code

-all downstream codons changed

47
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA-> (Transcription) mRNA -> (Translation) Protein

48
Q

Ribosome

A

Organelle that makes proteins

49
Q

Codon

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA or RNA

50
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequence of 3 nucleotides in tRNA

51
Q

Intron

A

Sequence of mRNA which is removed

52
Q

Exon

A

Sequence of DNA or RNA which codes for protein

53
Q

3 types of virus and examples

A
  • DNA virus - smallpox & chickenpox
  • RNA virus- influenza & polio
  • Retrovirus- RNA->DNA -HIV
54
Q

How do virus’ replicate

A
  • virus injects DNA

- Uses cells transcription and translation mechanisms to reproduce

55
Q

What is the cellular response to viruses

A

Dendritic cells +Antigen -> activate T-cells

  • Cytotoxic t-cells kill infected cells
  • memory t-cells
  • Helper t-cells- activate B-cells
56
Q

what is the humoral response to viruses

A

B-cells -> Plasma cells

  • secrete antibodies that bind to the antigens
  • virons stick together and degrade
57
Q

Capsid

A

Protein shell of virus

58
Q

Retrovirus

A

Reverse transcribes own RNA into DNA

59
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

New virus is made and released from host cell

60
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Viral DNA is incorporated into host cell genome

bio 109 -2 (5 decks)

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