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Bio 110 Unit 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable Prediction

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2
Q

Test

A

Reject/fail to reject a hypothesis. Can never prove something.

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3
Q

Scientific Method

A 
Observe
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test
Reject/Fail to reject
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4
Q

Lamaraks Theory

A

Inheritance of required characteristics passed on to the next generation.

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5
Q

Malthus

A

Population is going to increase faster than the food production

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6
Q

Darwin’s response to Malthus

A

The WHOLE population won’t die because some individuals will survive better than others.

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7
Q

3 components of Natural Selection

A

Orgs have variable characteristics
Some characteristics are heritable
Some characteristics confer increased survival and reproduction

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8
Q

Heritable Characteristics

A

Will increase the population!

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9
Q

Why were people pissed about evolution?

A

Independent mechanism that didn’t rely on God

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10
Q

Allele

A

Version of a gene

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11
Q

Speciation

A

Splitting 1 species into 2

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12
Q

Assumptions of Common Ancestry

A

Organisms share traits with close relatives

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13
Q

Decent with Modification

A

Change through generations. The trait you are looking to decent with must already be there.

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14
Q

Transitional fossils

A

Missing Links

Provide us with an opportunity to answer a testable hypothesis.

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15
Q

Tiktalik

A

Fish

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16
Q

Bio Geography

A

Closely relatied organisms can occur close geographically even in different habitats

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17
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Organisms in similar ecosystems different places can be similarly related

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18
Q

Homology

A

Similarity due to common evolutionary origins/ancestry

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19
Q

Vestigial Organs

A

Organs with diminished or lost function i.e. liver, whale pelvis

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20
Q

Natural Selection

A

Non-random survival of genotypes acting to preserve favorable variants and eliminate less favorable ones.

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21
Q

Assumptions of Natural Selection

A

Variation in population
Some characteristics have to confer greater fitness
Some Characteristics are heritable

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22
Q

Fecundity

A

Number of sperm or egg you can produce

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23
Q

Characteristics of Fitness

A

Extent that an individual contributes genes to a generation
Lifetime reproductive success
How good some genotypes are at leaving offspring in next generation compared to other generations

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24
Q

Heritable

A

Genes passed down from parent

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25
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Strong & Fast

GMO’s/Dog Breed

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26
Q

Industrial Melanism

A

Colored moths

React able/predictable

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27
Q

Directional Selection

A

Same shape. Shift in location of graph.

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28
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Becomes more concentrated in one area. Skinnier hump.

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29
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Wide hump splits into two humps.

30
Q

Manipulation

A

We can manipulate variables in controlled environment. Guppy color.

31
Q

Selection

A 
predictable
repeatable
convirgent
reversible (but not always)
can be rapid
Not a negative force/creates new diversity
32
Q

Random

A

Drift

33
Q

Not Random

A

Natural Selection

34
Q

Harvey- Weinburg

A 
Null Model
Mating is random
No mutation
No Natural Selection
No immigration
35
Q

What does Gene Flow do to the population?

A

Homogenizes the population

36
Q

Bottle Neck Drift

A

Reduction in population due to a random event.

Chance determines the allele frequency

37
Q

Fecundity

A

Number of eggs you produce

38
Q

Effective Population Size

A

The number of individuals that pass on genes to the next population

39
Q

How do you increase variation?

A

MUTATION

40
Q

Characteristics of Drift

A

Random
Strong in small populations
low genetic variation
increased chance of rare alleles coming together

41
Q

Sexual Selection

A

differential ability of individuals to acquire mates in competition with other individuals of the same sex

42
Q

Lek Mating

A 
Physical Combat
ritualized
high energy
non random
not all males mate (elephant seals)
not all males mate the same amnt
43
Q

Why are females picky in sexual selection?

A

Good genes
Bright male
sexy son

44
Q

Good Genes (Sexual Selection)

A

lower chance of illness/ increased speed/etc.

45
Q

Bright Male (Sexual Selection)

A

Pick the healthiest Male to mate with

46
Q

Sexy son (Sexual Selection)

A

Choosing the best males means you produce an off spring with higher chances of reproduction

47
Q

What can counteract Nat. Selection?

A 
Sexual Selection
Migration/selection
Drift/selection
Linkage (two genes near 1 another on the chromosomes)
Plietropy (1 gene with multiple effects)
48
Q

What are the downfalls of Natural Selection?

A

It’s short sighted & tinkers with things. It doesn’t solve problems the first time. (Dodo birds. Big bodies, little wings)

49
Q

Cryptic Species

A

Look hell similar to each other

50
Q

BCS

A

Biological Species Concept

Species of groups that are actually/potentially interbreeding

51
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

Prevents two members of different species from breeding and producing viable offspring.

52
Q

Pre-zygotic Barriers

A

Mechanical, temporal, behavioral, habitat, gametic

53
Q

Mechanical

A

Fish penis. Has to physically be able to reproduce

54
Q

Temporal

A

time based. Dif breeding season

55
Q

Behavioral

A

Doesn’t see the other as a potential mate

56
Q

Habitat

A

Mating in dif habitats ie: Marine v. fresh water

57
Q

Gametic

A

Sperm & egg aren’t chemically compatible

58
Q

Fallouts of BCS

A

Doesn’t address hybridization
Doesn’t apply to asexual animals
Just because you can breed don’t make you the same species

59
Q

Evolutionary Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Unique evolutionary rule with diagnosable evolutionary units

60
Q

Unified Species Concept

A

Only need to meet 1 concept/criteria to be considered a species

61
Q

Allopatric

A

geographic barriers separate 1 population into 2 (doesn’t have to be physical i.e. black & white water in the amazon)

62
Q

Sympatric

A

splitting of a population into distinct species with in the same geographic region (driven by disruptive selection)

63
Q

Polyploid

A

Form of Sympatric Speciation. Change in the number of chromosomes (common in plants)

64
Q

Forms of Sympatric Speciation

A

Polyploid
habitat differentiation
sexual selection

65
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Forming & Testing hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among species

66
Q

Monophly

A

derived from a single ancestor

67
Q

Polyphylate

A

doesn’t include all the decedents from a common ancestor

68
Q

Homologous Traits

A

traits you share with related people. Want to maximize

69
Q

Homoplasy

A

traits not due to commonality. Due to converge and parallelism likely to have a common function. Want to minimize.

70
Q

Synapamorphie

A

Derived due to recent common ancestry.

Bio 110 Unit 1 (1 decks)

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