Test 1 Flashcards
Selection of therapy targets
Identify communication behavior she want client to acquire over course of the treatment program
Programming
Selection and sequencing of specific communicative behaviors
Normative strategy
Based on known development sequences of communicative behaviors. What is normal?
Behaviors that occur earliest developmentally would be selected his first therapy objectives
Tends to be more effective for articulation and language intervention with children
Client specific strategy
Targets are chosen based on an individuals specific needs rather than according to developmental norms. can be implemented across a wide range of communication disorders with both children and adults
Sequencing of therapy targets
Involves the development of a logical sequence of steps that will be implemented to accomplish each objective.
Stimulus Type
Direct physical manipulation (hands on), Concrete symbols (objects, photos, black and white drawings), abstract symbols(oral language, written language)
Task mode
Amount of clinician support provided to obtain desired responses. Imitation (handover hand, most direct), Cue/prompt (verbal tactile visual cue), spontaneous (client does everything on their own, ultimate goal)
Response level
Degree of difficulty of target responses. Increased length and complexity of the desired response. Decreased latency between stimulus presentation and client response. Example: isolation, syllable, word, carrier phrase, phrase, sentence, text
Generalization
Clients ability to transfer a newly master communicative behaviors from the clinical setting to the natural environment
Three factors can influence the degree to which successful generalization occurs
Stimuli: should use a variety during therapy activities to avoid learning that is tied to only a small set of specific stimulus items. Physical environment: very the places therapy occurs as soon as the new target behavior has been established. Audience: very the people with whom therapy targets are practiced
General discharge guidelines
Attainment of communication skills are commensurate with clients chronological or developmental age. Attainment of functional communication skills that permit client to operate in daily environment without significant handicap. Lack of discernible progress persisting beyond a predetermined time period.
Behavior modification
Behavior = communication targets as well as a clients degree of cooperation and attentiveness. We want to increase the desired behavior and decrease the unwanted behavior
Operant condition Theory
Stimulus (events that preceded a response)
response (the behavior that was exhibited by the individual)
Consequent event (reinforcement/punishment)
Reinforcements
Consequence that increases the probability that a particular behavior will occur again
Positive reinforcement (primary)
Client react favorably due to biological makeup of the individual. Most effective to establish new communicative behaviors. Skills taught with this are difficult to generalize outside therapy setting because primary reinforcers do not occur in the real world. Example is food
Positive reinforcement (secondary)
Events that a client must be taught to perceive as rewarding. Social: most commonly used type. Example is smiling, I contact, verbal praise. Token: symbol sauce objects that are not perceived as valuable but will allow client to obtain a previously agreed-upon reward when they earn a set number. Example is stickers. Performance feedback: information given to a client regarding their therapy performance
Negative reinforcement
Uncommonly used in our field
Escape
Requires the presence of the condition that the client perceives as aversive. Example: hands placed firmly over child’s hand until child imitates S phoneme
Avoidance
Performance of the target behavior prevents the occurrence of an anticipated condition that is considered aversive. Example: clinician informed client that each imitation of S will prevent the hands being placed on their hands
Punishment
Event is presented with an undesired behavior occurs in order to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will recur
Punishment type one
Prompt presentation of an aversive consequence
Punishment type two
Withdrawal of a pleasant condition one unwanted behavior occurs. Example: timeout
Factors that influence the effectiveness of punishment
Should be delivered after every instance of the unwanted behavior. Should be presented immediately. Should occur at the earliest signs of the unwanted behavior. Should not be programmed in graduated levels. Duration should be as brief as possible.
Schedules of reinforcement
Once you decide the type of reinforcer to use you must establish how often you will deliver the reinforcer
Continuous reinforcement
Presented after every correct performance of the target behavior. Most commonly used to establish new communication behaviors
Intermittent reinforcement
Only some occurrences over correct response are reinforced. Most effective and strengthening responses that have been previously established
Fixed ratio
Specific number of correct responses must be exhibited before the reinforcer is delivered
Fixed interval
Client is reinforced for the first correct response made after predetermined time period Has elapsed
Variable ratio
Number of correct responses will vary from trial to trial before reinforced. Pattern is pretty determined by the clinician
Variable interval
Clinician various time periods required for reinforcement. Similar to variable ratio
Instructions
I description of the skill to be learned is given. Starting point of treatment
Modeling
Direct modeling: clinician provides an example to the client. Indirect modeling: clinician demonstrates a specific behavior frequently to expose client to numerous examples
Prompts
Verbal or nonverbal cues to facilitate of clients production of a correct response. Can be attentional or instructional
Shaping by successive approximation
Used when target behavior may be too complex for the client to perform successfully with a direct model or prompt. Target behaviors broken down into a series of more manageable tasks. Foster’s client success at each step. Each step moves closer to the final form of the desired response
Basic training protocol
Clinician present stimulus. Clinician waits for the client to respond. Clinician presented appropriate consequence event. Clinician records response. Clinician remove stimulus as appropriate.
Task analysis
Once your goals have been established and baserunning has occurred you have determined your starting point. Now you have to develop a program moving the client through a logical sequence of steps to accomplish each objective. This is called task analysis
Task analysis continued
A task analysis involves breaking goes down into small steps. It encourages the clinician to move from the current form of response there a sequence of increasingly complex forms in the course of the therapy program
Task analysis continued
As the clients performance increases the stimulus type, task mode, and response level should be manipulated systematically to gradually increase the difficulty of therapy tasks until final criteria is met for a given target