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physics spring semester 2015 > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

image receptor

A

medium that transforms the xray or useful beam into a visible image

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2
Q

useful beam (primary beam)

A

xrays emerging from the tube

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3
Q

remnant beam

A

xrays that remain after the useful beam exits the patient

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4
Q

3 types of image receptors

A
  1. film w/ intensifying screens
  2. imaging plates (CR)
  3. flat panel detectors (DR)
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5
Q

film

A

film cassette contain an intensifying screen which turns energy from xray into visible light to expose film

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6
Q

latent image

A

invisible image before its processed into an image we can see

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7
Q

manifest image

A

image after it has been processed so that we are able to see it

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8
Q

CR (computed radiography)

A

uses loaded cassette consisting of imaging plate containing photostimulable phosphor (PSP) when hit by xray they’ll emit a light to create the image

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9
Q

DR (direct readout digital radiography)

A

utilize flat panel of detectors to absorb exit radiation

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10
Q

2 types of film

A
  1. direct exposure film (non screen film)

2. screen film

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11
Q

direct exposure film

A

used without intensifying screen
longer developing time
greater exposure
limited use in medical imaging as exposure is too great to patient

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12
Q

screen film

A

most widely used film
used with 1 or 2 intensifying screens
sensitive to light
less development time

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13
Q

characteristics of film

A

contrast
latitude
speed

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14
Q

contrast is inversely proportional to its exposure latitude

A

more exposure latitude less contrast

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15
Q

exposure latitude

A

range of exposure factors that will reproduce an acceptable radiograph

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16
Q

higher kVp allows

A

more latitude (greater margin for error)

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17
Q

lower kVp….

A

less margin for error

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18
Q

speed

A

the degree to which the emulsion is sensitive to xrays or light

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19
Q

2 factors affecting speed

A

number of silver halide crystals

size of silver halide crystals

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20
Q

the more silver halide crystals

A

the faster

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21
Q

the larger the silver halide crystals

A

the faster

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22
Q

the faster the speed of film

A

the less radiation dose to the patient

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23
Q

speed/mAs conversion formula

A

mAs1/mAs2 = IR speed2/ IR speed 1

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24
Q

fast speed system (400)

A

used for big body parts

thorax, abdomen, pelvis, skull, contrast media

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25
Q

slow speed system (100)

A

usually used table top
extremities, madible, nasal bones
good detail but greater pt. dose

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26
Q

what does the processor consist of

A 
transport system
replenishment system
recirculation 
temperature control
drying
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27
Q

transport system

A

moves film through the developer, fixer,washer and dryer of the processor

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28
Q

the transport system consists of

A

transport racks
crossover networks
drive system

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29
Q

what are the tanks in the processor

A

developer
fixer
washer
made of stainless steel to prevent corrosion

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30
Q

feed tray

A

flat metal surface edged on both sides

allows for correct alignment of film

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31
Q

True or False

you must alternate film from side to side to ensure proper wear of rollers

A

True

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32
Q

entrance roller assembly

A

rollers covered with rubber

keeps film in a straight path

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33
Q

audible signal

A

indicates the film is through

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34
Q

transport rollers

A

move film through chemical tanks and dryer assembly

sometimes positioned parallel, sometimes staggered

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35
Q

turnaround assembly consists of

A

master roller
planetary roller
guide shoe
helps the film turn around to come back up again

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36
Q

turnaround roller AKA master roller

A

at the bottom of roller assembly
turns film from moving down to moving up
also called deep rollers

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37
Q

planetary roller

A

smaller rollers positioned on either side of the master roller
aid in proper alignment of the film
helps the film from slipping out

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38
Q

guide plates (guide shoes)

A

curved metal plates on either side of master roller

guide film through roller assembly

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39
Q

crossover roller

A

moves film from one tank to another and finally into the dryer
between two tanks

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40
Q

true or false

the space between the crossover rollers are extremely tight to create a squeegee effect to remove excess liquid

A

TRUE

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41
Q

drive system

A

power that moves the rollers around

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42
Q

drive system speed

A

speed is set to transport film from entrance roller to receiving bin within 45-90 seconds
varies depending on type of film

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43
Q

standby control

A

electric circuit shuts off power when processor is not in use

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44
Q

replenishment system

A

replacement of fresh chemicals after loss of chemicals during processing
both developer and fixer need to be replenished

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45
Q

proper film entry

A

short side of film up against feed tray guide

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46
Q

true or false

over replenishment of developer increases density and decreases contrast

A

True

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47
Q

under replenishment of developer

A

causes decreased density

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48
Q

under replenishment of fixer

A

results in brown stains

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49
Q

2 ways to replenish chemicals

A
  1. volume replenishment

2. flood replenishment

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50
Q

volume replenishment

A

used for high volume workload

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51
Q

flood replenishment

A

used for smaller facility not as much patient volume

replenishment of solutions at timed intervals

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52
Q

re-circulation system

A

agitates solutions
mixes old and new chemistry
filters solution
stabilizes temperature

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53
Q

agitation solution

A

circulates the solutions in each tank by pumping solution out of one portion of tank and returning it to a different location in the same tank

54
Q

mixing old and new chemistry

A

its necessary to mix them to maintain constant temperature

55
Q

re-circulation filter

A

removes impurities as the developer solution is re-circulated

56
Q

temperature control

A

maintaining constant temp of solutions has an effect on radiographs

57
Q

increased developer temp =

A

increase density (too dark)

58
Q

decreased developer temp =

A

decreases density (too light)

59
Q

2 types of temperature control

A
  1. immersion heater

2. heat exchanger

60
Q

immersion heater

A

a heating coil immersed in the bottom of the tank

brings in cold water and heater warms up the water

61
Q

heat exchanger

A

most common

uses thermostat to heat the developer

62
Q

average temp of developer

A

33-35 degrees C

92-96 degrees F

63
Q

wash water temp

A

3 degrees C or 5 degrees F lower than the developer temp

64
Q

drying system

A

hot air is blown onto both sides of film as it moves through dryer

65
Q

when films are damp it is usually because

A

a lack of hardener in the fixer or the water is saturated with chemicals

66
Q

artifact

A

any unwanted image on a radiograph

67
Q

plus density artifact

A

darker image

ex: fingernail scratch

68
Q

minus density artifact

A

lighter image, white spot

ex: moisture on a finger

69
Q

artifacts can be classified as:

A
  1. exposure artifacts
  2. processing artifacts
  3. handling and storage artifacts
70
Q

exposure artifacts

A

associated with the manner in which the radiographer performs the exam
caused by the radiographer
ex: motion, improper positioning, double exposure, etc.

71
Q

processing artifacts

A

produced during processing

most are pressure type caused by transport system

72
Q

processing artifacts:

emulsion pickoff and gelatin buildup

A

caused by dirty or warped rollers

deposits sludge on film

73
Q

processing artifacts:

curtain effect

A

excess chemistry runs down the edge of the film

74
Q

processing artifacts:

chemical fog

A

caused by improper or inadequate processing chemistry

75
Q

guide-shoe marks

A

occurs when guide shoes in turn around assembly are improperly positioned or out of line causes the emulsion to scrape off. white lines

76
Q

pi lines

A

caused by dirt or chemical stain on roller which affects the emulsion
occur at 3.1416 inch intervals

77
Q

wet pressure sensitization

A

caused by irregular or dirty rollers

78
Q

dichoric stain

A

chemical stain caused by improper or inadequate processing chemistry
can appear yellow, green, blue, or purple

79
Q

handling and storage artifacts

A

rough handling, image fog due to temp/humidity, film bin not shielded, etc.

80
Q

handling artifacts:

scratches

A

caused by pressure on the feed tray

81
Q

handling artifacts:

pressure marks

A

caused by kinking of the film

82
Q

2 most common types of static artifacts

A
  1. tree static

2. smudge static

83
Q

smudge static

A

when there’s very dry conditions

84
Q

tree static

A

looks like branches on a tree

85
Q

silver recovery

A

the removal of silver from the used fixer solution
the fixer gets saturated with silver so the processor constantly replenishes the chemicals
silver ions are reclaimed through silver recovery process

86
Q

fixer

A

removes unexposed silver halide from film therefore contains a high concentration of silver

87
Q

quality control

A

cleaning the processor
clean racks weekly
scheduled maintenance

88
Q

daylight processing

A

alternative processing

film automatically extracted, processed and cassette reloaded

89
Q

processing

A

converts the invisible latent image into the visible manifest image

90
Q

4 steps in processing

A

developing
fixing
washing
drying

91
Q

amount of time to process a single piece of film

A

45 seconds - 3.5 minutes

most processing times = 90 seconds

92
Q

developer main purpose

A

turn exposed silver crystals into metallic silver

aka to make up the image

93
Q

developer consists of

A 
developing (reducing) agents
accelerator (activator) agents 
restrainer
preservative
hardener
solvent
94
Q

developing/reducing agents

A

reduce exposed silver halide to metallic silver

adds electrons to exposed silver halide

95
Q

developer chemicals

A

hydroquinone

phenidone and metol

96
Q

hydroquinone

A

creates higher densities (black)

acts slow

97
Q

phenidone and metol

A

creates lower densities (grays)

acts fast

98
Q

hydroquinone and phenidone are synergistic

A

meaning they work together

this is what shapes the characteristic curve

99
Q

characteristic curve

A

a graph of the optical density
shows the relationship between the exposure to a film and the amount of light that can be transmitted through that film
shows whether the film was under or over developed

100
Q

also in the developer is a wetting agent

A

AKA water

to soften and swell the emulsion

101
Q

accelerator/activator agents

A

also called buffering agents

maintains the pH of the developer

102
Q

what chemical is the buffering agent

A

sodium carbonate

103
Q

restrainer

A

keeps unexposed crystals from the developing agent

without the restrainer we would get development fog

104
Q

development fog

A

development of unexposed silver halide

105
Q

what chemical is the restrainer

A

potassium bromide

106
Q

preservative

A

preserves the developer by decreasing oxidation of the developer solution

107
Q

aerial oxidation

A

reduction in chemical activity of developer by air

108
Q

use oxidation

A

reduction in chemical strength as a result increased temp over a period of time

109
Q

what chemical is the preservative

A

sodium sulfite

110
Q

hardener

A

hardens emulsion which was originally softened by reducing agents

111
Q

what chemical is the hardener

A

glutaraldehyde

112
Q

what is the biggest problem in automatic processing?

A

insufficient hardener or glutaraldehyde

113
Q

solvent

A

dilutes chemicals in developer

the solvent is water

114
Q

chemical fog

A

fog produced by chemical contamination of the developer

115
Q

fixer

A

removes unexposed silver halide and makes the remaining image permanent
further hardens the emulsion

116
Q

fixer consists of

A 
activator 
fixing (clearing) agent
preservative 
hardener 
solvent
117
Q

activator

A

neutralizes the pH of emulsion and stops action of developer

118
Q

what chemical is the activator of the fixer

A

acetic acid

119
Q

fixing (clearing) agent

A

clears underdeveloped silver halide from the film

120
Q

what chemical is the fixing agent of the fixer

A

ammonium thiosulfate

121
Q

preservative of the fixer

A

protects the fixing agent from oxidation

maintains chemical balance

122
Q

what chemical is the preservative of the fixer

A

sodium sulfite

123
Q

hardener of the fixer

A

further hardens the emulsion so the image becomes permanent

makes it better for handling

124
Q

what is the chemical of the hardener of the fixer

A

potassium aluminum
(aluminum chloride )
(chromium alum)

125
Q

solvent of the fixer

A

dilutes the chemicals in the fixer to that chemicals function at correct level of activity
solvent = water

126
Q

washing

A

removes fixer and developer solution from the surface of film

127
Q

reticulation

A

when the temp changes too fast the emulsion may crack into many pieces

128
Q

drying

A

the final process
forced hot air over both sides of film
removes 85-90% of moisture

129
Q

drying temp

A

ranges from 120-150 degrees F

130
Q

how long is an original radiograph stored

A

5-7 years

mammography 10 years

131
Q

storage temp

A

70 degrees F

physics spring semester 2015 (5 decks)

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