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Psychopharmacology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs are classified by:

A
  • Origin
  • Action
  • Therapeutic use
  • Site of drug action
  • Chemical structure
  • Mechanism of action
  • Street name
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2
Q

effect of drugs on behaviour

A

psychopharmacology

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3
Q

how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises, and excretes drugs

A

pharmacokinetics

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4
Q

biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

A

pharmacodynamics

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5
Q

What does the dose-response curve measure?

A

describes the amount of biological or behavioural effect (response) for a given drugs concentration (dose).

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6
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

portion of original drugs dose that reaches the site of action

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7
Q

What factors affect drug absorption?

A
  • ability to pass through membrane
  • form of drug administration (i.e. drugs in water solution)
  • conditions at site of absorption (i.e. size of absorbing surface)
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8
Q

when a drug is eliminated by a steady percentage in the body

A

first order kinetics

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9
Q

when a drug is eliminated by a steady amount/concentration in the body

A

zero order kinetics

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10
Q

Which drug is the black sheep of order kinetics?

A

alcohol; follows zero order kinetics

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11
Q

time that must pass for the amount of the drug in the body to be cut in half

A

half-life

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12
Q

what do agonists do

A

bind directly to receptor and initiates drug action/effect

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13
Q

what do antagonists do

A

bind to the receptor and block and produce no cellular effect, but prevent agonists from binding to the site

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14
Q

a receptor antagonist that binds to a receptor but does not activate the receptor. The antagonist will compete with available agonist for receptor binding sites on the same receptor.

A

competitive antagonist

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15
Q

an antagonist that blocks elsewhere

A

noncompetitive antagonist

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16
Q

what is dispositional tolerance?

A

an increase in the rate of metabolising drug as a result of chronic use

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17
Q

what is pharmacodynamic tolerance?

A

decreased behavioural effects of a drug (a) acute (b) protracted

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18
Q

what is behavioural tolerance?

A

tolerance occurs in the same environment in which the drug was administered but tolerance is not apparent or is reduced in a new environment

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19
Q

What is state-dependent learning?

A

information learned under the influence of a drug is best recalled when the individual is in that drug-induced state

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20
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • integrating
  • motor
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21
Q

monitors internal and external environment through presence of receptors

A

sensory neurons

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22
Q

interpretation and processing of sensory information; complex (higher order) functions

A

integrating neurons

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23
Q

response to information processed through stimulation of effectors

A

motor neurons

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24
Q

parts of the neuron:

A
  • dendrites-receives incoming information
  • cell body-houses nucleus and dna
  • axon hillock-start point of action potential
  • axon-action potential travels down
  • axon terminal
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25
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

provide supportive function for neurons

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26
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV; the voltage difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest

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27
Q

What are the passive properties for maintaining resting membrane potential?

A

differential permeability of the ions

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28
Q

What are the active properties for maintaining resting membrane potential?

A

sodium-potassium pump

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29
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

making the membrane less negative

30
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

making the membrane more negative

31
Q

brief period in which it is impossible to elicit another action potential

A

absolute refractory period

32
Q

period in which a higher amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire

A

relative refractory period

33
Q

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

A

gray matter-cell bodies, unmyelinated axons

white matter-myelinated axons

34
Q

What are the meninges?

A
  • pia mater-innermost
  • arachnoid mater
  • dura mater-outermost
35
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

regulates breathing

36
Q

What does the pons do?

A

involved in dreaming

37
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

has to do with motor balance

38
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

sensory relay station where signals are received, processed, and transmitted to areas of sensory cortex

39
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates food intake; hormonal control; regulates body temperature; emotional response; autonomic regulatory centre

40
Q

What does the basal ganglia do?

A

involved in performance of voluntary motor responses

41
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

involved in emotional memory and recall

42
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

involved in long-term memory and spatial navigation

43
Q

NT is discharged from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis at the ___.

A

active zone

44
Q

Docking of synaptic vesicles, fusion, and exocytosis are controlled by ____.

A

calcium influx

45
Q

Calcium influx is greatest in the region of ___.

A

the active zone

46
Q

What are the mechanisms controlling the rate of NT release?

A
  • rate of neuron firing
  • probability of transmitter release from axon terminal
  • presence of autoreceptors
  • axon terminals may have heteroreceptors
47
Q

How are NTs inactivated?

A
  • enzymatic breakdown
  • reuptake
  • uptake by glial cells
48
Q

What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

A
  • ionotropic - gate ion channels directly

- metabotropic - gate ion channels indirectly

49
Q

Second messenger systems do what?

A
  • activate protein kinases

- function of the protein is altered

50
Q

What do tyrosine kinase receptors do?

A

mediate actions of neurotrophic factors

51
Q

Endocrine system: hormones control which major processes?

A
  • reproduction
  • growth and development
  • mobilisation of body defenses
  • regulation of metabolism
52
Q

the adrenal cortex releases what?

A

glucocorticoids

53
Q

the adrenal medulla releases what?

A

epinephrine and norephinephrine

54
Q

the pineal gland is involved in what?

A
  • secretion of melatonin
  • controlling sleep rhythms
  • used to alleviate jet lag
55
Q

Difference between CT scan/MRI and fMRI/PET:

A

first two visualise the brain while the last two provide images of brain activity

56
Q

used to visualise the brain and other internal structures of the living body

A

CT scan

57
Q

produces detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, and bone; more detailed

A

MRI

58
Q

produces images of the increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain

A

fMRI

59
Q

provides images of brain activity rather than brain structure

A

PET scan

60
Q

EEG measures:

A

brain waves

61
Q

used to position experimental devices into the brain with precision

A

stereotaxic surgery

62
Q

remove, damage, or destroy a part of the brain to observe impact on behaviour

A

lesion

63
Q

activates a structure in the brain

A

electrical stimulation

64
Q

allows for measurement of NTs released in a specific brain area in freely moving animals

A

microdialysis

65
Q

a chemical used to prepare and preserve body tissue

A

fixative

66
Q

process in which an animal’s blood is replaced by a saline solution or a fixative in preparing the brain for histological examination

A

perfusion

67
Q

instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissue

A

microtome

68
Q

method of locating NTs and receptors based on the binding of labeled protein-specific antibodies

A

immunocytochemistry

69
Q

subjects missing a gene that can provide insight into what the gene controls

A

gene knockout

70
Q

inserting a pathological human gene in mice

A

gene knockin

Psychopharmacology (2 decks)

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