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Psychology Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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2
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Use of systematic methods to observe the natural world including human behavior

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3
Q

What is behavior?

A

Everything we do that can be observed?

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4
Q

What are the two types of behavior?

A

Voluntary and involuntary

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5
Q

What are mental processes?

A

Thoughts, feelings, and motives experienced privately that cannot be directly observed

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6
Q

What are the four purposes of Psychology?

A
  • Measure and describe
  • Predict and control
  • Explain and understand
  • Change behavior
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7
Q

When did psychology as a scientific discipline emerge?

A

Late 19th Century

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8
Q

Psyche means

A

mind

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9
Q

Logos means

A

the study of

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10
Q

Who argued that the mind and body are completely separate?

A

Rene Descartes

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11
Q

When did Western Philosophy come of age?

A

4th and 5th centuries B.C.

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12
Q

Who is the Father of Psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

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13
Q

What are the two original movements of Psychology?

A

Structuralism and Functionalism

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14
Q

What is structuralism?

A

Identifies the structures of the human mind into basic components through introspection

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15
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Study of the functions and purposes, mental processes that serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment

  • focused on human interaction
  • mind is flexible and fluid - characterized by constant change in response to continuous flow of information
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16
Q

Who is the Father of American Psychology?

A

William James (1842-1910)

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17
Q

What was the cognitive revolution?

A

The study of our mental processes in the broadest sense: thinking, feeling, learning, remembering, making decisions and judgements and so on.

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18
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biologic chemistry of the nervous system.

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19
Q

What is the behavioral approach?

A

An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.

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20
Q

What psychologist is associated with Behaviorism?

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

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21
Q

What is Psychodynamic approach?

A

An approach emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (e.g. sex) and society’s demands, and early childhood experiences.

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22
Q

Who is the founding father of psychodynamic approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

23
Q

What is the humanistic approach?

A

An approach that emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and FREEDOM to choose one’s destiny.

24
Q

What is cognitive approach?

A

An approach that emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

25
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.
-“Survival of the fittest”

26
Q

What is the sociocultural approach?

A

An approach that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.

27
Q

Positive Approach

A
  • Love
  • Hope
  • Happiness
  • Peace
28
Q

What are the major subfields in Psychology?

A
  • Clinical
  • Developmental
  • Social
  • Industrial/Organizational
  • Experimental
  • Neuroscience
29
Q

Clinical Psychology

A
  • Study mental disorders

- Learn to be clinical therapists

30
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

-Study typical development

31
Q

Social Psychology

A

-Study Typical Adult Behavior

32
Q

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

A

-Study workplace behavior and relations

33
Q

Experimental Psychology

A
  • Study fundamental components of behavior

- Emphasis on developing new methodology

34
Q

Neuroscience

A
  • Study relationships between anatomy, genes, physiology, and behavior
  • Mostly animal research
35
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

See information as a whole

-Mind is trained to see patterns

36
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

An approach to knowledge that relies on collecting data, generating a theory to explain the data, producing testable hypotheses based on theory, and testing those hypotheses empirically.

37
Q

What are the five steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observe some phenomenon
  2. Formulate hypotheses and predictions
  3. Testing through empirical research
  4. Drawing conclusions
  5. Evaluating a theory
38
Q

Define Variable

A

Anything that can be changed such as a value or characteristic
-To determine if changes to one thing results in changes to another

39
Q

Define Theory

A

A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations
-organizes known facts, allows us to predict new facts and permits us to exercise a degree of control

40
Q

Define Operational Definition

A

Provides an objective descriptive of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study

41
Q

Define parsimonious

A

All other things being equal, the simplest explanation is the best

42
Q

Steps in a Research Study

A
  • State the problem
  • Develop Hypotheses
  • Design a study
  • Collect and Analyze the data
  • Replicate results
  • Conclude
  • Report results
43
Q

What is basic-applied research?

A

Basic research- done to enhance the general body of knowledge

Applied- done with practical problem in mind with hopes to directly apply finding to the solution

44
Q

What are three types of research used by Psychologist?

A
  • Descriptive methods
  • Correlational methods
  • Experimental methods
45
Q

Define Descriptive methods

A

determine basic dimensions of a phenomenon, define what is and how often it occurs

46
Q

Define correlational

A

discovering relationship between variables

47
Q

What correlation coefficient?

A

the quantitative measure of a correlation that ranges from -1 to +1

48
Q

What is positive correlation

A

one variable increases as the other increases

49
Q

What is negative correlation

A

one variable decreases as the other increases

50
Q

What are advantages of correlational study?

A

Determine relationship between two or more variables

51
Q

What are disadvantages of correlational study?

A
  • Cannot determine cause and effect
  • Directionality Problem
  • Third variable problem
52
Q

What is longitudinal design?

A

Systematic observation, used by correlation research, that involves obtaining measures of the variable of interest in multiple waves over time
-Provides ways by which correlational research may attempt to demonstrate casual relations among variables

53
Q

Define independent variable

A

the experimental factor that a researcher manipulates

54
Q

Define dependent variable

A

the variable being measured (called the dependent variable because it may depend on the manipulations of the independent variable

Psychology Test 1 (1 decks)

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