TEST 1

Question 1

Affective instability or lability

Answer 1

relatively abrupt changes in affect (outward expression of one’s mood at the moment); being labile in mood or affect; applies especially when the affective change is excessive to the circumstances that provoke it

Question 2

Blunted affect

Answer 2

—affect is muted; emotions are evident but at a subdued level, or expressed only fleetingly
 Constricted affect—the range of one’s affect is reduced; e.g. the person evidences sadness or happiness but not other emotions

Question 3

Dysphoria—

Answer 3

a pervasive negative mood or feeling that is not otherwise identifiable, or does not fit the description of any particular feeling; e.g. “I don’t know what’s wrong; I’m not really sad or depressed or angry, but I just feel bad somehow, like everything is wrong…I can’t put my feeling on it, it just hurts to feel this way”

Question 4

Elevated

Answer 4

—mood that is “too good for the situation”

Question 5

 Euthymic

Answer 5

—“normal” mood state, appropriate to one’s circumstances and lacking in abnormality

Question 6

Expansive

Answer 6

an increased range of emotional expressiveness; overly emotive; a mood that seems contagious or that is promoted among others

Question 7

Flattened affect

Answer 7

he absence of affect; a blank expression
 Inappropriate—affect that is inconsistent with, or contrary to, one’s circumstances or expressed mood; e.g. laughing while talking of missing one’s mother since her death

Question 8

 Labile

Answer 8

(excessive or rapid change in expressed emotions)

Question 9

Asociality



Answer 9

—being disinterested in social events or interaction with others; can lead to social withdrawal

Question 10

Avolition

Answer 10

—a reduction in of absence of spontaneous movement or activity; being avoidant of, or disinterested in, activities;

Question 11

 Catatonia

Answer 11

—an abnormality of the rate of behavior; e.g. sitting in the same position without moving for extended periods; being in constant motion

Question 12

Compulsive behavior—

Answer 12

acting on irresistible urges or impulses to behave in a particular fashion or take particular actions; the actions/behavior are usually repetitive and unproductive; e.g. drinking every available liquid regardless of whether one is thirsty, due to an un unexplainable urge to drink that is difficult for the person to resist; or counting every window in every building one passes, feeling that this has to be done before one can pass by.

Question 13

 Echopraxia

Answer 13

—choosing your actions based on the actions of others around you; e.g. crossing your legs when the person next to you does; getting up and leaving when others leave the area.

Question 14

 Grimacing

Answer 14

facial expression suggestive of discomfort or distress; facial distortions

Question 15

Posturing

Answer 15

—assuming and maintaining a posture that does not fit the circumstances, and that often appears uncomfortable or illogical; e.g. a person stands with one hand raised in the air for 10 minutes; akin perhaps to grimacing but involving the body rather than just the face

Question 16

 Psychomotor restlessness—
 —
 —

Answer 16

a restlessness that is psychological in origin and manifested in one’s behavior, e.g. pacing about the unit as one experiences racing thoughts

Question 17

Stereotypy

Answer 17

behavior that is repetitive and illogical for the circumstances; initiating a motion or phrase repeatedly in the same manner

Question 18

Tangentiality

Answer 18

going off on tangents; one starts off on-topic, but increasingly drifts onto side issues that, over time, result in the person being off-topic; “Where am I going? Well, I’m on my way down this hall…you know, this is an ugly hallway…Why don’t they have some nice colors here? My room at home has nice colors…I wish I was at home”. The thoughts are connected to each other, but diverge off track.

Question 19

Alogia—

Answer 19

an absence or reduction in the amount of speech; synonym: poverty of speech

Question 20

Clanging—

Answer 20

choosing words based on sound qualities rather than their meaning: “I’m Betty, Betty Boop, boopity bop, bop a clock, clocks and clues, pay my dues”

Question 21

Echolalia—

Answer 21

repeating what others are saying rather than generating your own statements

Question 22

Neologisms—

Answer 22

words created by the person and having a meaning to that person: “Bill is always bugging me, he’s just a digitus, always making no sense to anyone”

Question 23

Pressured speech—

Answer 23

speech which is at a fast rate, coming out rapidly as if under pressure from within, like water bursting out of a fire hose

Question 24

Word salad—

Answer 24

conversation so disorganized as to seem like the words were randomly selected and thrown together, like a tossed salad might be made of whatever vegetables happened to be available

Question 25

Bizarre—
 
 
 


Answer 25

notably odd, highly unlikely, outside the bounds of what most people would think
 Erotomanic—beliefs pertaining to love or sex; e.g. “George wants to be with me, not that thing who claims she’s his wife…we’d be together now except she keeps us apart”

Question 26

Grandiose—

Answer 26

involving exaggerated beliefs about one’s status, wealth, abilities or worth; e.g. “I am president of this hospital…I know the meds are wrong for me because I am a doctor, the main doctor…I invented these meds”

Question 27

Nihilistic—

Answer 27

regarding death, destruction; e.g. “I’m dead…everything is dying, the world is dying for man’s sins”

Question 28

Paranoid—

Answer 28

involving fear, suspicion, mistrust; e.g. “I have to carry a knife; people are trying to kill me…they follow me…I see them in the shadows, I know they want me to die”

Question 29

Reference—

Answer 29

believes that external events relate to or are connected to oneself; e.g. “The radio plays those songs for me to cheer me up”

Question 30

Religious—

Answer 30

focus on religious or spiritual themes, e.g. “God wants me to protect the Christ Child…I will know the Child when I see him”

Question 31

Somatic—

Answer 31

pertaining to one’s body or physical sensation; e.g. “My heart has stopped…there’s no point in trying to hear it, it isn’t there”

Question 32

Thought broadcasting—

Answer 32

believing that others are able to perceive your thoughts, or are somehow aware of what you are thinking, or that you can put thoughts into other peoples’ minds

Question 33

 Thought insertion—

Answer 33

believing that others are somehow causing your thoughts, putting their thoughts or foreign thoughts into your head, that your thoughts are not your own

Question 34

Attentional impairment—



Answer 34

being distracted, having difficulty maintaining one’s focus or paying attention

Question 35

Circumstantiality—



Answer 35

including excessive circumstantial or inconsequential elements in one’s conversation, e.g. Nurse: “How was breakfast?” Pt: “ It was fine. I ate a lot: potatoes, bacon, eggs…the
eggs were dry, I don’t know why they make them dry…It came on a cart, a yellow cart, with wheels, like they have in the stores. I used to work in a store, but that was years ago.”.

Question 36

Flight of ideas (FOI)—

Answer 36

thoughts which are moving rapidly, often making them difficult to understand or communicate meaningfully to others, and sometimes crossing over into LOA

Question 37

Impaired Reality Testing—

Answer 37

decreased ability to determine what is likely to be real and what is not; often contributes to hallucinations and delusions

Question 38

Looseness of associations (LOA)—

Answer 38

topics are poorly related or unrelated to those that preceded them e.g. “I want to go home…where is my car?…that man is crazy…what are you looking at me for” (in this case the question about the car may be somewhat related to the comment about going home, but poorly so—someone listening might not recognize the connection; the other comments seem altogether unrelated to each other)Looseness of associations—thoughts that are disconnected or illogically connected

Question 39

Magical thinking—

Answer 39

believing that thinking something will make it come true, or that something unlikely will in fact happen because of some unrelated action or thought the person has: “I know my mother will visit because last night I was very quiet just like staff wanted”.

Question 40

Overvalued idea—

Answer 40

being preoccupied with or excessively valuing a particular concern or issue; e.g. being certain one is about to fail based on uncertain, unlikely, or limited information

Question 41

Thought blocking—

Answer 41

a person’s train of thought is interrupted, often by internal stimuli or hallucinations; often presents as an unexplained interruption in the person’s conversation, which they may or may not subsequently resume

Question 42

7. Agitation—

Answer 42

uncomfortable and unproductive increase in speed and/or intensity of behavior activity and/or thought processes

Question 43

8. Anhedonia—

Answer 43

being unable to experience pleasure as one normally would; e.g. “I used to enjoy eating and would go out to dinner all the time if I could…but now I rarely eat…I have no interest in it, nothing seems to taste good any more…I eat, but I get no pleasure from it”

Question 44

9. Anosognosia—

Answer 44

an inability to realize that one has an illness or disorder, especially when the illness itself prevents its own recognition

Question 45

10. Anxiety—

Answer 45

vague sense of distress, that something is amiss, akin to fear but usually without a clear source or cause; ranges from mild and constructive (e.g. focuses attention) to severe and disabling (e.g. distortion, decreased problem solving, and panic)

Question 46

11. Apathy—

Answer 46

disinterest in one’s environment, usual activities, or other expectations or aspects of one’s life; e.g. a person lacks interest in showering or going on a field trip

Question 47

12. Confusion—

Answer 47

inability to focus thoughts and correctly assess own surroundings or circumstances

Question 48

13. Conversion—

Answer 48

the unconscious conversion of an emotional issue or need into a physical symptom

Question 49

14. Delirium—

Answer 49

fluctuating levels of consciousness, mental functioning, and basic physiologic functioning (e.g. vital signs); often due to an injury or illness; may be life-threatening