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Microbiology BIOL1210 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In order to have a healthy immune system these factors must be in place (7):

A
  1. Sleep
  2. Healthy eating
  3. Vaccinations
  4. Good hygiene
  5. Food safety
  6. Clean water
  7. Safe sex
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2
Q

What is “immune response”?

A

How your body recognizes and defends itself against any foreign debris.

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3
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation:

A
  1. Pain
  2. Heat
  3. Redness
  4. Swelling
  5. Loss of function
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4
Q

Prolonged/dramatic responses can have what effect to host?

A

Can be damaging including inflammation.

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5
Q

What happens when you have a problem with your immune system?

A

Results in illness.

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6
Q

What is the immune system made up of?

A

Special cells, proteins, tissues and organs working together.

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7
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White cells.

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8
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes.

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9
Q

Where are leukocytes produced/stored?

A

Spleen, thymus and bone marrow called lymphoid organs.

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10
Q

Clumps of lymphoid tissue though out body are called:

A

Lymph nodes.

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11
Q

Leukocytes circulate though organs through what?

A

Lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.

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12
Q

What is the job of phagocytes?

A

They chew up invading organisms.

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13
Q

What is the job of lymphocytes?

A

Cells that allow the body to remember previous invaders and help body destroy them.

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14
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes?

A

B & T lymphocytes.

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15
Q

What is the job of B cells?

A

Like military intelligence, they seek out and tag the antigens.

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16
Q

What is the job of T cells?

A

Like the bodies soldiers, they kill the antigens.

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17
Q

Whats the job of immunization?

A

It exposes the body to small amounts of an antigen to allow body to produce its own antibodies for future attack.

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18
Q

What is the function of antibodies (2)?

A

They lock on (tag) to an antigen and deactivate it (they do not destroy them) then notify the T-cells to destroy the tagged antigens.

They also activate a group of proteins called complement.

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19
Q

How if complement activated?

A

Activated by antibodies.

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20
Q

What is the job of complement?

A

Assist in killing antigens.

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21
Q

Protections is immunity, what are three types of immunity?

A
  1. Innate
  2. Adaptive
  3. Passive
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22
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Everyone is born with it.
Includes skin, mucous membranes.
First line of defense.

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23
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Involved lymphocytes.
Develops as your exposed to something.
Second line of defense.

24
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Antibodies are “barrowed” from a source which lasts for a short time (ex, breast milk).

25
Q

Everyone’s immune system is different, what are the 4 main categories of problems with the immune system?

A

Immunodeficancy disorders.
Autoimmune disorders.
Allergic disorders.
Cancer of immune system.

26
Q

How long does the immune system last?

A

A life time.

27
Q

Which levels of defense are non-specific or specific

A

1 & 2 are non-specific.

3rd is specific - involves antibodies.

28
Q 
What is it?
Makes up 60% of PMS.
Most abundant.
Respond fastest.
Called "pus" or "exudate".
Gobble up invaders.
A

Neutrophils

29
Q

What is it?
Release histamine
Release heparine

A

Basophils

30
Q

What is it?
Modulator white blood cells.
Return things back to normal.

A

Eosinophils.

31
Q

What does the 3rd line of defense do ?

A

Develops memory for invaders using lymphocytes (white blood cells) and antibodies.

32
Q 
B cells:
What type of immunity does it provide?
How does it work?
Where is it from?
What does it protect against?
A

Humoral immunity.
It’s specific to certain antigens.
Red bone marrow.
Protect from bacteria mostly.

33
Q

What are immunoglobulins? What are they developed from?

A

Antibodies, there are 5 types.

Developed from B cells.

34
Q

What are the 5 types of immunoglobulins?

A 
IgM (iMmature)
IgD (Developing)
IgG (all Grown up)
IgA (Adults)
IgE (adults)
35
Q

Which immunoglobulins do babies have?

A

IgM, IgD.

36
Q

Epitope

A

A key part of an antigen which fit into the “lock” part of the antibody.
Therefore it is a key!

37
Q

Receptor site

A

“The grabber”

Specific shapes ‘expressed’ on the antibody.

38
Q

What do the antibody and antigen form?

A

Ag-Ab complex.

39
Q

Ag-Ab complex causes:

A

B cells produce a large # of mature antibodies that float freely/
It triggers the “complement system”

40
Q

What does the ‘complement system’ cause:

A

Death of antigens.

41
Q

When the B-cell releases its antibodies and becomes an empty cell, what is it called? What does it do next?

A

Plasma cell.

Moves off to lymph system to die.

42
Q

T cell immunity is called what?

A

“Cell-mediated Immunity”

43
Q

What are the three types of T cells?

A

helper, suppressor, cytotoxic.

44
Q

Where are T-cells born?

A

Thymus.

45
Q

Do they make antibodies? What’s their surface like?

A

They do not make antibodies, no immunoglubulings on their surface so they are naked. (they are more abundant than B-cells)

46
Q

What do T cells attach to?

A

Major Histocompatability complex (HTC) (a portion of an antigen)

47
Q

What are interleukins? What’s their function?

A

part of Cytokine Family.
Hormone like chemicals.
Used for communication and to assist prompt attack of Ag.

48
Q

What makes a B-cell into a Memory Cell?

A

IL4 and IL5 by isotype switching.

49
Q

What makes B-cells into plasma cells?

A

IL6.

50
Q 
What T-cell is this?
Responsible for graft 'rejection'
Work extra fast to initiate immunity.
Attach directly to Ag.
Do not need Ag coated.
A

Cytotoxic T-cell.

51
Q

What T-cell is this?
The ‘regulator cells’
Brings things back to homeostasis.

A

Suppresor T-cell.

52
Q

What is the Complement system?

A

Releases toxic chemicals.
Intended to kill Ag.
but may also kill host tissue and ag toxins (lps)

53
Q

Factors modifying defense mechanisms:

A

Age, Hormones, Drugs, Malnutrition.

54
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

State of increased reactivity of the host to an Ag, this rxn is damaging to the host.

55
Q

Is increased reactivity following immunization a hyper sensitivity?

A

It is beneficial to the host and is not described as hypersensitivity state.

56
Q

How many types of hyper sensitivity reactions are there?

A

4

57
Q

What is autoimmunity ?

A

Occurs when the immune response of a person is directed against itself.

Microbiology BIOL1210 (1 decks)

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