Test 1 Flashcards
In order to have a healthy immune system these factors must be in place (7):
- Sleep
- Healthy eating
- Vaccinations
- Good hygiene
- Food safety
- Clean water
- Safe sex
What is “immune response”?
How your body recognizes and defends itself against any foreign debris.
5 cardinal signs of inflammation:
- Pain
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Loss of function
Prolonged/dramatic responses can have what effect to host?
Can be damaging including inflammation.
What happens when you have a problem with your immune system?
Results in illness.
What is the immune system made up of?
Special cells, proteins, tissues and organs working together.
What are leukocytes?
White cells.
What are the two types of leukocytes?
Phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Where are leukocytes produced/stored?
Spleen, thymus and bone marrow called lymphoid organs.
Clumps of lymphoid tissue though out body are called:
Lymph nodes.
Leukocytes circulate though organs through what?
Lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
What is the job of phagocytes?
They chew up invading organisms.
What is the job of lymphocytes?
Cells that allow the body to remember previous invaders and help body destroy them.
What are the different types of lymphocytes?
B & T lymphocytes.
What is the job of B cells?
Like military intelligence, they seek out and tag the antigens.
What is the job of T cells?
Like the bodies soldiers, they kill the antigens.
Whats the job of immunization?
It exposes the body to small amounts of an antigen to allow body to produce its own antibodies for future attack.
What is the function of antibodies (2)?
They lock on (tag) to an antigen and deactivate it (they do not destroy them) then notify the T-cells to destroy the tagged antigens.
They also activate a group of proteins called complement.
How if complement activated?
Activated by antibodies.
What is the job of complement?
Assist in killing antigens.
Protections is immunity, what are three types of immunity?
- Innate
- Adaptive
- Passive
What is innate immunity?
Everyone is born with it.
Includes skin, mucous membranes.
First line of defense.
What is adaptive immunity?
Involved lymphocytes.
Develops as your exposed to something.
Second line of defense.
What is passive immunity?
Antibodies are “barrowed” from a source which lasts for a short time (ex, breast milk).
Everyone’s immune system is different, what are the 4 main categories of problems with the immune system?
Immunodeficancy disorders.
Autoimmune disorders.
Allergic disorders.
Cancer of immune system.
How long does the immune system last?
A life time.
Which levels of defense are non-specific or specific
1 & 2 are non-specific.
3rd is specific - involves antibodies.
What is it? Makes up 60% of PMS. Most abundant. Respond fastest. Called "pus" or "exudate". Gobble up invaders.
Neutrophils
What is it?
Release histamine
Release heparine
Basophils
What is it?
Modulator white blood cells.
Return things back to normal.
Eosinophils.
What does the 3rd line of defense do ?
Develops memory for invaders using lymphocytes (white blood cells) and antibodies.
B cells: What type of immunity does it provide? How does it work? Where is it from? What does it protect against?
Humoral immunity.
It’s specific to certain antigens.
Red bone marrow.
Protect from bacteria mostly.
What are immunoglobulins? What are they developed from?
Antibodies, there are 5 types.
Developed from B cells.
What are the 5 types of immunoglobulins?
IgM (iMmature) IgD (Developing) IgG (all Grown up) IgA (Adults) IgE (adults)
Which immunoglobulins do babies have?
IgM, IgD.
Epitope
A key part of an antigen which fit into the “lock” part of the antibody.
Therefore it is a key!
Receptor site
“The grabber”
Specific shapes ‘expressed’ on the antibody.
What do the antibody and antigen form?
Ag-Ab complex.
Ag-Ab complex causes:
B cells produce a large # of mature antibodies that float freely/
It triggers the “complement system”
What does the ‘complement system’ cause:
Death of antigens.
When the B-cell releases its antibodies and becomes an empty cell, what is it called? What does it do next?
Plasma cell.
Moves off to lymph system to die.
T cell immunity is called what?
“Cell-mediated Immunity”
What are the three types of T cells?
helper, suppressor, cytotoxic.
Where are T-cells born?
Thymus.
Do they make antibodies? What’s their surface like?
They do not make antibodies, no immunoglubulings on their surface so they are naked. (they are more abundant than B-cells)
What do T cells attach to?
Major Histocompatability complex (HTC) (a portion of an antigen)
What are interleukins? What’s their function?
part of Cytokine Family.
Hormone like chemicals.
Used for communication and to assist prompt attack of Ag.
What makes a B-cell into a Memory Cell?
IL4 and IL5 by isotype switching.
What makes B-cells into plasma cells?
IL6.
What T-cell is this? Responsible for graft 'rejection' Work extra fast to initiate immunity. Attach directly to Ag. Do not need Ag coated.
Cytotoxic T-cell.
What T-cell is this?
The ‘regulator cells’
Brings things back to homeostasis.
Suppresor T-cell.
What is the Complement system?
Releases toxic chemicals.
Intended to kill Ag.
but may also kill host tissue and ag toxins (lps)
Factors modifying defense mechanisms:
Age, Hormones, Drugs, Malnutrition.
What is hypersensitivity?
State of increased reactivity of the host to an Ag, this rxn is damaging to the host.
Is increased reactivity following immunization a hyper sensitivity?
It is beneficial to the host and is not described as hypersensitivity state.
How many types of hyper sensitivity reactions are there?
4
What is autoimmunity ?
Occurs when the immune response of a person is directed against itself.
