test 1-3 Flashcards
atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of
matter
the formula e=mc2 represents
nuclear power
ionizing radiation is capable of _____ electrons
removing
biggest source of man made radiation
diagnostic x-rays
exposure is measured in
grays
today radiology is considered
a very safe operation
ALARA means
As low as reasonably achievable
filtration is used to absorb
low energy x-rays
photons with the highest frequencies have the
shortest wavelength
which scientist discovered x-rays
william roentgen
crookes
smallest particle all the properties of an element
atom
positively charges nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons is what theory?
Bohr
atom is normal state is
electrical charge is 0
binding energies is represented by
shells
atom same number proton but different number neutrons is called
isotope
atoms combines form is called
molecules
atom looses or gains electrons
ion
innermost electron shell is
K
a chemical compound is any quantity of
one type of molecule
during beta atom releases
electron
the only difference between gamma and x-ray is their..
origin
smallest electromagnetic radiation
photon
rise and fall of sin wave is
frequency
wavelength beam of electromagnetic radiation is increases by factor of 2 then frequency is
decreased by half
the reduction of radiation intensity due to scattering and absorption is called
attenuation
the lowest energy range of electromagnetic spectrum is
radio waves
photons tend to interact with matter
equal in size with their wavelengths
smallest unit of charge is
electron
like charges _____ unlike charges ____
repel, attract
on the surface of an electrified object the charges concentrate on
the sharpest curvature
a ____ is a source of direct current
battery
ohms law
i=v/r
rubber and glass are
insulators
the magnetic intensity of an electro magnets is greatly increased by the addition of a
iron core
an alternating ac current is represented by
sinusoidal line
US alternating current goes through a complete cycle every
1/60 seconds
test 2 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other. Contrast Resolution Detail Noise
resolution
Higher speed image receptors generally produce images with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. better resolution increased noise higher contrast improved detail
increased noise
In general radiography, the useful optical densities lie between _____ and _____.
- 25, 2.5
- 5, 1.0
- 0, 1.5
- 0, 3.0
0.25,2.5
The best way to minimize magnification is to use a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. long SID small OID large OID Both A and B
both A and B
Distortion can be reduced by ____________________________.
placing the object plane perpendicular to the image plane
placing the object plane parallel to the image plane
directing the central ray 15° from the object plane
increasing the SID and the OID
placing the object plane perpendicular to the image plane
The \_\_\_\_\_ represents zero or one. byte bit gigabyte terabyte
bit
In computer language, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a “word.” 2 bytes 2 bits 16 units 8 pixels
2 bytes
Projectile electrons travel from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. anode to cathode cathode to anode target to patient inner shell to outer shell
cathode to anode
During an exposure, most of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ energy of the projectile electrons is converted to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ kinetic, x-rays x-ray, kinetic kinetic, heat heat, kinetic
kinetic, heat
The efficiency of x-ray production is ___________ the tube current.
indirectly proportional to
directly proportional to
not affected by
strongly affected by
not affected by
Electron interactions at the inner-shell of the target atoms produce _____ radiation.
gamma
Bremsstrahlung
characteristic
all of the above kinds of
characteristic
Characteristic x-rays are produced by __________________.
braking electrons
excitation of outer shell electrons
nuclear fragmentation
released binding energy
released binding energy
The quantity of bremsstrahlung radiation increases proportionately with increased _____.
kVp
mAs
filtration
rotor speed
mAs
The ______________ of an x-ray beam is higher when the peak of the emission spectrum is further to the __________.
quality, right
quantity, right
quality, left
quantity, left
quality right
number of x-rays in the useful beam defines x-ray ________.
kVp
quality
quantity
mAs
quantity
X-ray quantity increases in direct proportion to increases in __________.
mAs
kVp
distance
filtration
mAs
If the distance from the source to the image (SID) is reduced by half, how is the x-ray intensity at the image affected?
It is increased 4 times.
it is doubled.
It is reduced by 1/2.
It is reduced by 1/4.
increased 4 times
Beam quality is affected by ______________.
mAs and distance
kVp and mAs
kVp and filtration
filtration and mAs
kVp and filtration
-ray beam quality is improved by ____________.
lowering kVp
decreasing filtration
increasing filtration
increasing distance
increasing filtration
The two primary forms of x-ray interaction in the diagnostic range are ________________.
Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption
Compton scattering and pair production
photoelectric absorption and coherent scattering
coherent scattering and Thompson scattering
Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption
An incident x-ray interacts with an atom without ionization during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. photoelectric absorption Compton scattering coherent scattering pair production
coherent scattering
Which x-ray interaction involves the ejection of the K-shell electron?
Coherent scattering
Compton interaction
Pair production
Photoelectric absorption
photoelectric absorption
Compton scatter is directed at _____ angle from the incident beam.
a 180°
a 90°
a 0°
any
any
In ________________, there is complete absorption of the incident x-ray photon.
photoelectric interaction
Compton interaction
pair production
coherent scatter
photoelectric interaction
___________ occurs only at the very high energies used in radiation therapy and in nuclear medicine P.E.T. imaging.
Coherent scatter
Compton scatter
Photoelectric absorption
Pair production
pair production
K-shell binding energy increases with increasing ____________.
mass density
kVp
atomic number
mAs
atomic number
Which has the greatest mass density?
Fat
Soft tissue
Bone
Air
Bone
Barium is a good contrast agent because of its __________________.
low atomic number
high atomic number
light color
low density
high atomic number
Computed radiography screens respond to radiation with ______________________.
fluorescence
electron emission
photostimulable luminescence
biological phosphorescence
photostimbulable luminescence
The computed radiography cassette is called a(n) ______________ plate.
optical
imaging
laser
thermoluminescent
imaging
The principal source of noise in computed radiography is ____________________.
scatter radiation
background radiation
computer noise
phosphor scatter
scatter radiation
The digital imaging plate can sit for some time after the erase cycle.
True
False
false
Digital imaging techniques are always applied to ___________________.
computed tomography (CT)
ultrasound
magnetic resonance imaging
All of the above
all of the above
In digital radiography, the brightness of the image is determined by _________
pixel values
Hounsfield units
automatic brightness control
film contrast
pixel values
In digital radiography, spatial resolution is improved with increased _____________.
field of view
Hounsfield units
pixel size
matrix size
matrix size
The dynamic range determines the degree of __________________ in the image.
contrast resolution
spatial resolution
motion blur
All of the above
contrast resolution
Spatial resolution is determined by the ratio of ________________ to ____________.
matrix size, field of view
field of view, matrix size
bit depth, field of view
field of view, dynamic range
field of view, matrix size
Conventional x-ray tubes and cassettes are used with ________ radiography systems.
computed
scanned projection
direct capture
All of the above
computed
Radiographic image quality is improved when the __________ is increased.
source image distance
focal spot size
film speed
screen speed
source image distance
If 5% of an incident beam is transmitted through a body part, then 95% of that beam was ______________.
scattered
attenuated
absorbed
back-scattered
attenuated
test 3
A charge-coupled device used in digital fluoroscopy provides high _________________.
spatial resolution
signal-to-noise ratio
detective quantum efficiency
All of the above
all of the above
Digital fluoroscopy with a charge-coupled device has lower _____________ and higher ______________ than conventional fluoroscopy.
light sensitivity, patient dose
patient dose, light sensitivity
detective quantum efficiency, maintenance
signal-to-noise ratio, patient dose
patient dose, light sensitivity
A principal advantage of digital fluoroscopy is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. dynamic range image acquisition rate image subtraction progressive mode
image subtraction
The combination of temporal and energy subtraction techniques is called _________.
interlacing mode subtraction
hybrid subtraction
dual subtraction
superimposition
hybrid subtraction
Hybrid imaging can produce the highest-quality digital fluoroscopy images only if _________________.
remasking is employed
energy subtraction is used
patient motion is controlled
remasking is completed
patient motion is controlled
Digital fluoroscopic dose rate is lower than that for continuous analog fluoroscopy.
True
False
true
When doing soft tissue radiography, the differential absorption between ________ and ______ must be enhanced.
bone, muscle
muscle, fluid
muscle, fat
fat, air
muscle, fat
The breast tissue tends to be increasingly _________ in older women.
fatty
dense
glandular
fibrous
fatty
About 50% of breast cancer occurs in the __________ quadrant .
upper inner
lower inner
upper outer
lower outer
upper, outer
It is recommended that women obtain their first baseline mammogram before the age of _____.
30
40
50
60
40
A dedicated mammography unit should have an automatic adjustable _____________ device.
grid
compression
focal spot
filter
compression
A target of molybdenum or rhodium is preferable in mammography because it reduces the _____________.
resolution
scatter
contrast
motion
scatter
Breast compression has the advantage of lowering _________________.
patient dose
motion blur
superimpositions
All of the above
all of the above
Breast compression is used to _______ patient dose and ________ focal spot blur.
lower, reduce
lower, increase
raise, reduce
raise, increase
lower, reduce
Distance and attenuation are
directly related
indirectly related
inversely proportional
proportional
directly related
Higher frequencies have/has ________ while lower frequencies have____________
less attenuation, more attenuation
more attenuation, less attenuation
more attenuation, less attenuation
Of the following what does not contribute to attenuation.
reflection
scattering
absorption
all of the above contribute to attenuation
all of the above contribute to attenuation
As sound strikes the boundary layer between tissue interfaces, some of the sound is reflected back to its source
True
False
true
Scattering results in____ of sound
organized redirection
random redirection
total attenuation
specular redirection
random redirection
The half value layer thickness is the distance sound must travel in a medium that reduces the intensity of sound to ½ its original value (intensity).
True
False
true
during ultrasound imaging higher frequencies result in ________ images.
lower quality
higher quality
no change in image quality
higher quality
Most of the energy in ultrasonic imaging is converted to ______ during absorption
electrical
mechanical
heat
cold
heat
Spatial frequency is used to describe the quality of spatial resolution in terms of _____________.
pixel size
modular transfer function
line pairs
contrast resolution
line pairs
In digital imaging, spatial resolution is ultimately limited by ___________________.
focal spot size
spatial frequency
contrast resolution
pixel size
pixel size
The human visual system can distinguish ________ shades of gray.
10
30
300
1000
30
The number of gray shades that an imaging system can reproduce is called its ________________.
spatial frequency
contrast
spatial resolution
dynamic range
dynamic range
The bit capacity of each pixel identifies the ___________ of a digital imaging system.
dynamic range
gray scale
spatial frequency
MTF
dynamic range
As mAs is increased the signal-to-noise ratio is ____________.
decreased
increased
not affected
doubled
increased
Image detail is also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. spatial resolution spatial frequency signal-to-noise ratio dynamic range
spatial resolution
With digital imaging, patient dose can be reduced by using higher ______ techniques.
mAs
kVp
optical density
contrast
kVp
In MRI imaging the typical m matrix size is _____
3000 x 3000
256 x 256
256 x 192
512 x 256
256x192
____ of the following which has the lowest spatial resolution?
Digital X-ray
Fluoroscopy
Digital fluoroscopy
MRI
MRI
Most MRI images are acquired _______ with some sequences taking _______ time.
after two minutes, more
in less one minute, more than five minutes
after two minutes, less
after two minutes, more
MRI is a safe imaging procedure that can be utilized for any patient with limitations. These limitations may include:
patients who have recently eaten
patients with cholelithiasis
patients with a pacemaker
there are no limitations
patients with a pacemaker
MRI provides _________ contrast resolution which allows for the visualization of structures _______ on conventional radiographs.
decreased, seen
improved, unseen
improved, seen
improved, unseen
in between patient imaging the magnet is
off so it is safe for anyone to enter
still on and personnel are restricted from entering the room
still on but safe for anyone to enter the room
still on and personnel are restricted from entering the room
what is sentinel node imaging used for?
imaging primary breast cancer
imaging distant lymph node for suspected metastatic disease
imaging a suspected primary metastatic lymph node
general cancerous mass localization
imaging a suspected primary metastatic lymph node
What is Nuclear Medicine fusion imaging
they both provide similar
imaging results
combines the anatomic
imaging of nuclear medicine with the functional imaging of CT
combines the anatomic imaging of nuclear medicine with the anatomical imaging of CT
combines the functional imaging of nuclear medicine with the anatomic imaging of CT
combines the functional imaging of nuclear medicine with the anatomic imaging of CT
What is the most common cancer nuclear medicine is us used to treat
lung
liver
Thyroid
billary
thyroid
now do the nuclear medicine technologist protect themselves radiation during their daily routine
transport the material in shielded containers
wearing gloves while aspirating and injection radioactive material
placing the radioactive syringe in a special syringe shield
all of the above should be done
all of the above should be done
what is the importance of the inverse square law in nuclear medicine?
none it is only important in X-rayct!
protects the technologist from the radioactive patient
not important as most radioactivity is so low there is no need to be concerned
since the radioactive material is shielded there is no need to worry
protects the technologist from the radioactive patient
during PET imaging photons are detected on/by the ________ by a process called ______ imaging
detector ring, compton scatter
detector ring, coincident event
gamma camera, compton scatter
gamma camera, photoelectric effect
detector ring, coincident event
- ______________ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other.
a. Contrast
b. Spatial resolution
c. Detail
d. Noise
spatial resolution
- The dynamic range determines the degree of ________ in the image.
a. Contrast resolution
b. Spatial resolution
c. Motion blur
d. All of the above
contrast resolution
- Digital fluoroscopic dose is lower than that for continuous analog fluoroscopy
a. True
b. False
true
- MRI has a higher _________ than radiography.
a. Spatial resolution
b. Low contrast resolution
c. Patient tolerance
d. High contrast resolution
low contrast resolution
- In MRI hydrogen is primarily because its
a. Easy
b. Fast
c. Abundant
d. Small
abundant
- fMRI looks at _________ of typically the brain
a. perfusion
b. transfusion
c. T1
d. T2
perfusion
- Currently the imaging modality with the highest spatial resolution is
a. Radiography
b. Mammography
c. CT
d. MRI
mammography
- Which of the following is predominantly functional/physiological
a. MRI
b. CT
c. NM
d. Sonography
NM
- Which of the following are high dose modalities (more than one)
a. Mammography
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Radiography
d. CT
e. NM
fluoroscopy
CT
- Which of the following uses gamma rays
a. NM
b. PET
c. CT
d. MRI
NM
A positron is produced in which modality?
a. SPECT
b. PET
c. NM
d. MRI
PET
The use of contrast agents increases the amount of ______________.
a. Differential absorption
b. Compton scatter
c. Photoelectric absorption
d. All of the above
all of the above
- ___________ is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other.
a. Contrast resolution
b. Spatial resolution
c. Detail
d. Noise
spatial resolution
Digital imaging techniques are always applied to
a. CT
b. Ultrasound
c. MRI
d. All of the above
all of the above
- Digital imaging could only be developed after advances were made in
a. Microprocessors
b. Semiconductor memory
c. Photostimulable phosphors
d. Both A and B
both a and b
microprocessors
semiconductor memory
- What is the most recent development in digital image
a. Fanned x-ray beams
b. Linear array radiation detectors
c. Photostimulable phosphors
d. Direct capture solid state devices
direct capture solid state devices
In digital radiography, spatial resolution is improved with increased ________.
a. Field of view
b. Hounsfield units
c. Pixel size
d. Matrix size
matrix size
- The dynamic range determines the degree of ___________ in the image.
a. Contrast resolution
b. Spatial resolution
c. Motion blur
d. All of the above
contrast resolution
- Spatial resolution is determined by the ratio of ________ to ____________.
a. Matrix, field of view
b. Field of view, matrix
c. Bit depth, field of view
d. Field of view, dynamic
field of view, matrix
Conventional x-ray tubes and cassettes are used with ____________ radiography systems
a. computed
b. scanned projection
c. direct capture
d. all of the above
computed
- Which of the following has the highest spatial resolution
a. Radiography
b. Mammography
c. CT
d. MRI
mammography
- As spatial resolution increases lp/mm _________
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains the same
d. Depends on the modalit
increases
- MRI is safe for everyone.
a. True
b. False
false
- MRI uses _________ to produce images.
a. Water
b. Photons
c. Hydrogen
d. Electrons
hydrogen
- NM is considered a primarily ____________ modality.
a. Structural
b. Functional
c. Therapeutic
d. None
functional
- PET stands for _________
a. Photon emission tomography
b. Proton emission tomography
c. Positron emission tomography
d. People explain things
Positron emission tomography
- Digital fluoroscopy uses at least _________ monitor(s).
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2
A principal advantage of digital fluoroscopy is the _________.
a. Dynamic range
b. Image acquisition rate
c. Image subtraction
d. Progressive mode
image subtraction
- Digital fluoroscopy systems with hybrid capabilities use both _________.
a. Interlace and progressive modes
b. High mAs and low mass techniques
c. Temporal and energy subtraction
d. Charge coupled devices and TV monitors
temporal and energy subtraction
- The combination of temporal and energy subtraction techniques is called ___________.
a. Interlacing mode subtraction
b. Hybrid subtraction
c. Dual subtraction
d. Superimposition
hybrid subtraction
- Digital fluoroscopic dose rate is lower than that for continuous analog fluoroscopy.
a. True
b. False
true
- A gamma camera captures what?
a. Gamma rays
b. X-rays
c. MR signals
d. A and b
gamma rays
- Which modality is primarily physiologic?
a. Radiography
b. Sonography
c. NM
d. CT
NM
- Perfusion is a measure of
a. Airflow
b. Blood flow
c. Pulse rate
d. None of these
blood flow
- A patient with implanted orthopedic devices can be safely imaged in MR. (T/F)
a. True
b. False
true
Which of the following has the highest spatial resolution?
a. CT
b. MR
c. Radiography
d. NM
radiography
- Which modalities are potentially therapeutic as well as diagnostic? (this question has more than one answer)
a. Radiography
b. NM
c. MR
d. CT
e. Sonography
radiography
nm
- Which modality is the slowest at acquiring images?
a. Radiography
b. NM
c. MR
d. CT
nm
- SPECT imaging relies primarily on….
a. Sugar metabolism
b. Perfusion
c. Inhalation
d. Fat absorption
perfusion
- Digital fluoroscopy uses a ________ x-ray beam.
a. Pulsed
b. Continuous
c. Sporadic
d. Burst
pulsed
- MRI typically utilizes which element?
a. Water
b. Hydrogen
c. Oxygen
d.
hydrogen
- Further imaging workup of breast cancer can include? Select three.
a. Ultrasound
b. Fluoroscopy
c. Tomosynthesis
d. MRI
e. CT
Ultrasound
tomosynthesis
mri
Recent studies have shown that 50% of breast cancers will occur in the ________.
a. Upper outer quadrant
b. Upper inner quadrant
c. Lower outer quadrant
d. Lower inner quadrant
upper outer quadrant
- Mammography is radiographic imaging of the _________.
a. Skull
b. Abdomen
c. Breast
d. Pelvis
breast
- Approximately _________ of breast cancer is DCIS.
a. 15%
b. 20%
c. 50%
d. 80%
80
- Soft tissue radiography requires special techniques because of the low _________.
a. Image receptor contrast
b. Subject contrast
c. Part thickness
d. Spatial resolution
subject contrast
- When doing soft tissue radiography, the differential absorption between _______ and ________ must be enhanced.
a. Bone, muscle
b. Muscle, fluid
c. Glandular, fat
d. Fat, air
glandular fat
- In the soft tissue radiography, all of the tissues being imaged have similar __________.
a. Effective atomic number
b. Mass densities
c. Attenuation properties
d. All listed are similar
e. None listed are similar
all listed are similar
- The breast tissue tends to be increasingly ________ in older women.
a. Fatty
b. Dense
c. Glandular
d. fibrous
fatty
- A diagnostic mammogram must be able to demonstrate microcalcifications less than _____ in size.
a. 1mm
b. 1.5mm
c. 0.5mm
d. 10mm
0.5mm
- Breast compression increases ___________.
a. Radiation dose
b. Motion blur
c. Patient comfort
d. Spatial resolution
spatial resolution
- ____________ resolution is defined as the ability to image two separate objects and visually detect one from the other.
a. Spatial
b. Temporal
c. Bit depth
d. Matrix
spatial
- Differential absorption is dependent on the three factors listed. Select the three factors.
a. kVp of the exposure
b. atomic number of the absorber
c. mass density of the absorber
d. pixel size
e. exposure time
kvp of the exposure
atomic number of the absorber
mass density of the absorber
- DCIS appears on a mammogram as _________.
a. A rounded mass
b. A lobular mass
c. Microcalcifications
d. A speculated mass
microcalcifications
