Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatric Dysphagia > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosomes are in a zygote?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the progression of an embryo’s development?

A

zygote, embryonic period, fetal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens in the embryonic period?

A

(wk 1-8)
wk 3: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm formed
6 branchial arches
all major systems developing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

wk 9 - birth

rabid body growth, slower head growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which system is the first one functioning?

A

cardiovascular - heart circulates blood at 21-22 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does the central nervous system begin functioning?

A

wk 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do we know about the respiratory system in embryos?

A

tracheo-esophageal septum

lungs non-functional during prenatal life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When does the esophagus reach full length?

A

by wk 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When are the 6 branchial arches formed?

A

4 visible by wk 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

6 branchial arches give rise to formation of?

A

face, neck, nasal cavities, mouth, larynx, pharynx, head & neck muscles, cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a major embryologic cause of swallowing/feeding problems?

A

branchial arch anomalies - can result in CNS/structural damage and head/neck malformations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during wks 9-12 of the fetal period?

A

head makes up one half the length of the fetus
facial features, limbs, feet, hands present
palatal and nasal septum fusion
taste buds present (around wk7)
CNS is functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during wks 13-16 of the fetal period?

A 
body length doubles
sex organs form
ossification of skeleton
eyes/ears move closer to normal position
pharyngeal swallow begins (as early as 12 wks)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens during weeks 17-20 of the fetal period?

A

pharyngeal swallow strengthens
fetus swallows and digests up to 50% amniotic fluid
suckling begins
alpha fetal protein testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Weeks 21-25 of fetal period?

A

substantial weight gain
upper and lower respiratory development
lungs begins to produce surfactant
chance of survival ~24+ weeks with NICU resources @immediate delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during wks 26-29 of the fetal period?

A

primitive reflexes begin in utero
possible that lungs might be functional at 29 weeks
CNS continues to mature: regulates body temp, improves rhythmic breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during weeks 30-33 of the fetal period?

A

33+ weeks usually okay to deliver at local hospital
skin thickens, body lengthens
breathing patterns continue
premature infant still developing coordinated suck/swallow/breathe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Weeks 34 - 36 fetal period?

A

cusp of premature, might be able to feed orally, breathing okay
body fat ~8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

weeks 37-40 fetal period?

A

normal gestation, expected delivery
swallowing 450 mL a day
body fat ~16%
7 lbs, 19 in average in weight and length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the stages of alertness?

A 
deep sleep
light sleep
dozing/drowsy
quiet alert
active alert
alert agitated
crying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is “shut down”?

A

rapid transition from awake to asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are newborn tongues from adult?

A

newborn tongue fills oral cavity; makes contact with lateral gum and palate
from 2-4 posterior 1/3 of tongue descends into pharynx; movement posterior/inferior – descent complete by 9 years

23
Q

How does the newborn oral cavity differ from the adult?

A

newborn plate short, broad, slight arch; 5-6 folds for gripping
18-24 months soft palate lengths to 4-5 years, thickens to 14-16 yrs

24
Q

What are fat pads?

A

fatty tissue located in masseter muscle; reduces size of oral cavity; functions to provide sucking stability
tissue proportion reduces over time

25
Q

How do newborn mandibles differ from adult?

A

newborn mandible is not fused; short, broad rami with 140d angle to body; body is longer than rami
mandibular halves fuse at approx 2 years
by adulthood rami angle 110-120d; body and rami are equal in length

26
Q

How do newborn larynxes differ from adult?

A

newborn’s is small (1/3 size of adult)
epiglottis larger, contact with soft palate
pyriform sinuses are elevated and smaller
hyoid/thyroid space is small (if any)
elevated larynx and hyoid
as tongue descends (2-4 years) so does larynx
similar to adult by 6 yrs

27
Q

How do newborn pharynxes differ from adult?

A

nasal potion of pharynx gradual curve down
approx 5 years, oblique angle
during puberty forms 90 degree angle
after posterior 1/3 tongue descends, tongue makes up anterior wall of pharynx

28
Q

How does the newborn trachea differ from adult?

A

@C6 forever
infant trachea tilts diagonally posteriorly
toddler trachea has more vertical orientation

29
Q

How does the newborn esophagus differ from adult?

A

at birth, begins C4-C6, ends at C9

adults: begins/ends 1-2 vert. higher

30
Q

What is the difference between suckling and sucking?

A

suckling: thru 6 mos, loose lip seal, backward forward
sucking: at 6 mos, stronger lip closure, vertical tongue movements, reduced jaw movements

31
Q

What is the normal respiratory pattern in feeding?

A

apneic moment
swallow on exhalation (most of the time)
trigger point for pharyngeal swallow

32
Q

What does resting BPM depend on?

A

stage of alertness, age

33
Q

belly breathing is abnormal after what age?

A

6 mos

34
Q

What are some common respiratory issues?

A 
incoordination of suck/swallow/breathe (abnormal after 1 month)
pulmonary disease 
obstructive issues
allergies
asthma
history of intubation
recurrent respiratory infection
35
Q

What are some common pulmonary diseases/causes

A

cystic fibrosis
mother with myasthenia gravis
werdnig hoffman
premature birth

36
Q

What are the primitive reflexes?

A

Gag, phasic bite, transverse tongue, tongue protrusion, rooting, suckling, grasp, babkin, palmomental, moro (startle), ATNR

37
Q

Are feeding problems caused by the environment?

A

NO!

38
Q

Eating is instinctive for how long?

A

1 month

39
Q

Eating is reflexive at what age?

A

1-6 months

40
Q

after six months, eating is….

A

a learned behavior

41
Q

What are some clinical assessment goals

A 
presence absence of a feeding problem
possible etiologies
nature and severity
baseline of behaviors
introduce therapeutic modifications
trial feeding
determine need for instrumental assessment
42
Q

What are the key components of a clinical assessment?

A

Pt history
feeding and swallowing history
physical exam
observation of feeding

43
Q

What do we need to assess as part of an observation of feeding/swallowing?

A 
oral stage
typical performance
volume of intake/time
outward signs of symptoms and aspiration
body behavior
44
Q

What do we need to assess as part of a physical examination?

A 
behavior, state of alertness before, during, and after feeding
airway status
general postural control and tone
primitive reflexes
cognitive level of functioning
oral motor/cranial nerve evaluation
oral structure and function
45
Q

What do we want to try and observe in a clinical feeding?

A 
bottle or breast
cup drinking
straw drinking
spoon feeding
biting and chewing soft solid
biting and chewing hard solid
46
Q

The developmental progression in learning to eat various food textures requires advancing WHAT kinds of functioning/processing?

A

oral-motor functioning and sensory processing

47
Q

How much should children consume at eat age?

A

birth-1 month: 2-6 oz
3 months: 7-8 oz
5 months: 9-10 oz
7 months: 11 oz+

48
Q

Important clinical questions:

A

what are they doing?
what should they be doing?
WHY are they doing what they’re doing?

49
Q

What are the textures of the food continuum?

A

mashed table foods –> hard munchables (practice) –> meltable hard solids –> soft cubes –> soft mechanical

50
Q

What are some reasons why children won’t eat?

A 
Pain
malaise/discomfort, fatigue
immature motor, oral-motor, and/or swallow skills
sensory processing problems
learning/behavior
nutritional
child/parent/environmental factors
51
Q

What are some possible interventions?

A

individual tx
group tx
pediatric oral feeding clinic follow up
consultation with referral to school or community program
referral for additional med specialty, lab, or developmental evaluation
MBS (if indicated)
nutrition follow-up

52
Q

When does the sensorimotor stage start?

A

24 months ish

53
Q

When does hand to mouth play start?

A

4-6 months

54
Q

What might children with low muscle tone do?

A 
slouch while sitting
prop while sitting
join lock/fix
slide out from underneath table/trays
prefer to stand to eat
like to walk around and eat
appear stronger than they are because of joint locking

Pediatric Dysphagia (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions