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Adult Health II > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hemolytic Liver Jaundice

A

increase breakdown of RBCs leads to increase amount of unconjugated bilirubin
Causes: blood transfusion reaction, sickle cell crisis, hemolytic anemia

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2
Q

Hepatocellular Liver Jaundice

A

result of liver’s inability to take bilirubin from blood, to conjugate it, or to excrete it
Causes: hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

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3
Q

Obstructive Liver Jaundice

A

result of decreased or obstructed flow of bile

Causes: intrahepatic swelling or fibrosis of liver caniliculi & bile ducts

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4
Q

Hepatitis A (HAV) vaccine? route of transmission? Prevention measures?

A

Vaccine? Yes
Transmission route? fecal-oral, contaminated water, shellfish from contaminated water
Prevention Measures: hand washing

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5
Q

Hepatitis A (HAV) Symptoms? Potential Complications?

A

Symptoms: can last 4-8 weeks, similar to typical viral syndrome
Complications: Not usually life threatening

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6
Q

Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine? Route of transmission? Prevention measures?

A

Vaccine: Yes
Route of transmission: unprotected sex, sharing needles, blood transfusions, semen & saliva
Prevention: condoms

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7
Q

Hepatitis B (HBV) symptoms? Potential Complications?

A

Symptoms: anorexia, N/V, fever, fatigue, RUQ pain, dark urine, light stool, joint pain & jaundice
Complications: cirrhosis, liver cancer, chronic hepatitis, death

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8
Q

Hepatitis C (HCV) vaccine? Route of transmission? Prevention Measures?

A

Vaccine: No

Route of transmission: blood transfusions before 1992, sharing needles, high risk sexual behavior

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9
Q

Hepatitis C (HCV) symptoms? Potential Complications?

A

Symptoms: anorexia, N/V, fever, fatigue, RUQ pain, dark urine, light stool, joint pain, jaundice
Complications: liver cancer or chronic live disease
*Accounts for 30% of all liver transplants

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10
Q

Hepatitis D (HDV) vaccine? Route of transmission? Prevention Measures?

A

This virus requires Hep B to replicate
Vaccine: Hep B vaccine reduces risk
Route of Transmission: similar to Hep B; needles
*High mortality rate

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11
Q

Hepatitis E (HEV) vaccine? Route of transmission? Prevention Measures

A

Vaccine: ?
Route of transmission: occurs primarily in developing countries; oral fecal; drinking contaminated water (Resembles Hep A)

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12
Q

Cirrhosis and causes

A

extensive scarring of the liver

Causes: alcohol (mc), viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis…

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13
Q

Cirrhosis clinical manifestations (early)

A

fatigue, slight weight loss, anorexia, flatulence, N/V, abd pain and liver tenderness, diarrhea or constipation, pruritus, enlarged liver & spleen

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14
Q

Cirrhosis clinical manifestations (late)

A

jaundice, skin lesions (spider angiomas, palmar erythema), hematologic problems (thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anemia, splenomegaly, epitaxis, purpura, petechiae), endocrine problems (gynocomastia, loss of axillary & pubic hair, testicular atrophy, amenorrhea, hyperaldosteronism, water retention & potassium loss), peripheral neuropathy

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15
Q

Complications of cirrhosis

A

portal hypertension, bleeding esophageal & gastric varices, peripheral edema & ascites, coagulation defects, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy

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16
Q

Esophageal varices

A

caused by portal hypertension, mc of death from cirrhosis

17
Q

treatment of esophageal varices

A
  • sclerotherapy

* banding

18
Q

Interventions for ascites & gynecomastia

A
  • High fowlers to improve breathing
  • Fluid restriction
  • Low Na, K sparing diuretics
  • Albumin
  • Paracentesis
19
Q

Diagnosis for cirrhosis

A
  • Liver function tests - increased
  • Prothrombin Time - increased (AKA Protime) (Clotting factors impaired)
  • Total Protein & Albumin - decreased
  • Bilirubin - increased
  • Ultrasound
  • CT
  • MRI
  • Biopsy
  • Varices: UGI, esophagoscopy
20
Q

Hepatic Encephalopathy

A

terminal complication of liver damage, protein is broken down by bacteria & forms ammonia. The liver converts ammonia into urea which is eliminated in urine. Liver is unable to convert ammonia to urea

21
Q

Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy

A

Diet: high calorie, carb, protein depends on severity, multi-vitamins esp B complex & vit K; antacids to decrease GI distress & bleeding, avoid alcohol
Drug Therapy: Lactulose, neomycin sulfate, Flagyl

22
Q

Manifestations of Hepatic Encephalopathy

A
  • Neurologic changes (lethargy to coma)
  • Asterixis (course tremor w flexion of wrists/fingers)
  • Apraxia (inability to form simple figures
  • Hyperventilation
  • Hypothermia
  • Grimacing
  • fector hepaticus (musty sweet odor on breath)
23
Q

Fulminant Hepatic Failure (AKA acute liver failure)

A

severe impairment of liver function associated with hepatic encephalopathy
*MC cause drugs (esp Tylenol & ETOH)

24
Q

Clinical manifestations of liver failure

A

jaundice, coagulation abnormalities & encephalopathy, mentation changes, pts may worsen rapidly; liver transplant is treatment of choice

25
Q

Liver cancer

A

4th mc cancer in world (Males > females)

  • cirrhosis is risk factor
  • MC complaint: abdominal discomfort
26
Q

Treatment of liver cancer

A
  • Radiofrequency ablation
  • cryoblation
  • Percutaneous ethanol injection
  • chemotherapy
  • Chemoembolization
  • surgery
27
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

acute inflammation of the pancreas

28
Q

Hypothalamus Releasing Hormones

A
  1. CRH
  2. TRH
  3. GhR Factor
  4. GnRH
  5. PRH
29
Q

Hypothalamus Inhibiting Hormones

A
  1. Somatostatin (inhibits GH)

2. Prolactin-inhibiting

30
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  1. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
  2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
  3. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
  4. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
  5. GH (Growth Hormone)
  6. Prolactin
31
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A
  1. ADH

2. Oxytocin

32
Q

Adrenal-Medulla Hormones

A

catecholamines

33
Q

Adrenal-Cortex

A

corticosteroids:

  1. Glucocorticosteroids (cortisol)
  2. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
  3. Androgens (sex hormones)
34
Q

Parathyroid hormones

A

PTH (regulates serum calcium)

35
Q

Thyroid hormones

A
  1. T3 & T4 (Iodine is needed)

2. Calcitonin

36
Q

Pancreas hormones

A
  1. Glucagon

2. Insulin

37
Q

S/S of Type 1 diabetes

A
  1. polyuria
  2. polydipsia (excessive thirst)
  3. polyphagia (excessive appetite)
  4. weight loss
  5. fatigue
  6. increased frequency of infections
  7. rapid onset

Adult Health II (2 decks)

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