Test 1 Flashcards
stress
a perceived threat to ones mental or physical or spiritual well being, resulting from a series of physiological responses
hollistic medicine
healing that honors the harmony of mind/body/spirit and emotions to promote inner piece=stress management
walter connon
coined term “fight or flight”
stress reaction
central nervous system response (initial) to perceived threat
freeze response
neither fights nor flees, just freezes
stress response
release of epinephrine and norepinephrine to prepare various organs and tissues to prepare various organs and tissues for flight or fight
tend or befriend
states that women who experience stress dont fight or flight, but turn to friends to cope
shelley taylor
tend and befriend
co-rumination
stress based conversations between women as a means of coping by finding support among friends
eustress
good stress (motivates for optimal health)
neustress
information/sensory input perceived as unimportant or inconsequential
distress
stress; an event that is perceived as threatening and promotes continued feelings of fear or anger
acute stress
stress that is intense in nature but short in duration
chronic stress
stress that is not as intense as acute but lingers for a prolonged period of time
yerkes-dodson principle
theory that some stress (eustress) is necessary for health but beyond optimal amount health fails
circadian rhythms
biological rhythms that occur with a 24 hr period (temp) that create bodys internal clock. affected by stress, which causes more stress
ultradian rhythms
biological rhythms that occur many times ina 24 hr period (hunger pains).
infradian rhythms
biological rhythms that occur less than once in a 24 hr. period (menstrual period)
seasonal affective disorder
physiological response to lack of sunlight that results in feelings of depression
life changing units
unit of measurement that correspnds to items on the social readjustment ratin scale
social readjustment rating scale
inventory of life events that may be perceived to be stressful, used to determine level of stress
richard lazarus
renowned stress researcher credited with concept of daily life hassles
daily life hassles
minimal stressors that add up
general adaptation syndrome
three distinct physiological phrases in reaction to chronic stress
- alarm phase
- stage of resistance
- stage of exhaustion
hans selye
coined general adaptation syndrome
alarm reaction
first stage; threat is perceived and nervous system triggered for survival
stage of resistance
second stage; body tries to recover
stage of exhaustion
third stage; one or more target organs shows signs of dysfunction
sleep hygiene
affect quality of sleep; from hormonal changes and shift work to excessive caffeine intake
paradim shift
moving from one perspective of reality to another
rene descartes
17th century scientist credited with reductionistic method of western science. separation of mind and body, I think, therefore I am
isaac newton
18th century physicist advocated for mechanistic paradigm of the universe, adapted to human body
mechanistic model
health model based on the concept that the body is a machaine with parts that can be repaired or replaced
albert einstein
everything is energy
wellness paradigm
integration and balance of mental, physical, emotional and spiritual well being through responsibility of ones own health, whole is greater than sum of the parts
alternative medicine
includes nearly all forms of stress management techniques
mental well being
ability to gather, process, recall, and communicate information
emotional well being
ability to feel and express the full range of the human emotions and to control these feelings, not be controlled by them
spiritual well being
state of mature higher consciousness deriving from insightful relationships with oneself and others, strong value system, meaningful purpose in life
shallow effect
shallow understanding of complicated issues that is caused by information grazing. ex=jumping from site to site
civility
practice of good manners and appropriate behavior
environmental disconnect
state in which people have distanced themselves so much from the natural environment that they cannot fathom the magnitude of their impact on it
nature deficit disorder
people/children do not get outside enough
richard louv
nature deficit disorder
occupational stress
job related stress; great deal of responsibility with little or no authority or decision-making latitude
psychophysciology
based on principle that the mind and body are one, thoughts and perceptions affect potentially all aspects of physiology
RAS
reticular activating system
-neural fibers that link the brain to spinal column
limbic system
midlevel of brain, including hypothalamus and amygdala, which is though to be responsible for emotional processing
ANS
autonomic nervous system
- sympathetic (arousal) and parasympathetic (relaxed) nervous systems
- part of CNS, no conscious thought
sympathetic
branch of central nervous system that triggers the fight or flight response when some element of threat is present
parasympathetic
branch of central nervous system that specifically calsm the body
epinephrine
immediate physical readiness for stress, works in unison with epinephrine
norepinephrine
responsible for immediate physical readiness for stress, works in unison with epinephrine
catabolic function
metabolic process in which metabolites are broken down for energy in prparation for, or in the process of, exercise
Immediate effects of stress
neural response to cognitive processing in which epinephrine and norepinephrine are released, lasting only seconds
anabolic functioning
physiological process in which various body cells regenerate or grow
acetylcholine
chemical substance released by parasympathetic system to return to homeostasis from stress response
serotonin
neurotransmitter that is associated with mood. decrease=depression
melatonin
hormone secreted by brain that is related to sleep, mood, and several others
pituitary gland
endocrine gland located below hypothalamus that relases acth and commands adrenal glands to secrete their stress hormones
hypothalamus
involved with emotional processing. CRF gland released to pituitary gland to activate the fight or flight response
adrenal gland
endocrine glands that are on top of each kidney that house and release stress hormones including cortisol and epinephrine and norepinephrine
corticosteroids
stress hormones released by adrenal cortex, such as cortisol and cortisone
glucocorticoids
produced and released from adrenal gland, includes cortisol and cortisone
cortisol
stress hormone released by adrenal glands that helps body prepare for flight/fight by promoting release of glucose and lipids in blood
mineralcorticoids
class of hormones that maintain pasma volume and electrolyte balance
adrenal medulla
portion of the adrenal gland responsible for secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine
immediate stress effects
hormonal response triggered by the neural aspects of the adrenal medulla that are released directly into the blood, lasting minutes to hours
prolonged effect of stress
hormonal effects that may take days or perhaps more than a week to be fully realized form the initial stress response
vasopressin axis
a chain of physiological events stemming form the release of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone
thyroxine axis
a chain of physiological events stemming form the release of thyroxine
ACTH axis
physiological pathway whereby a message is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, then on to the adrenal gland to release a flood of stress hormones for flight or fight
HPA axis
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, aka ACTH
adrenal cortex
portion o adrenal gland that produces and secretes a host of corticosteroids
cerebration
a term used to describe the neurological excitability of the brain, associated with anxiety attacks and insomnia
allostatic load
stress response functions improperly or for prolonged states, causing physical damage to the body
psychosomatic
describes a host of physical illnesses or disease caused by the mind and unresolved emotional issues
psychoneuroimmunology
study of the effects of stress on disease; treats the mind, CNS and immune system as one interrelated unit
autonomic dysregulation
increased sensitivity to perceived threats resulting from heightened neural (sympathetic) responses speeding up the metabolic rate of one or more organs
immune dysregulation
immune system where various functions are suppressed
lymphocytes
immune system cells that are housed throughout the lymphatic system, with 2 percent in circulation at any one time
leukocytes
family of cells that constitute the major component of the immune system
T-cytotoxic cells
best known as the cells that attack and destroy tumorous cells by releasing cytokines
t-helpers
help in the production of antibodies released by t-cells
t-suppressors
decrease the production of atibodies
natural killer cells
detect endogenous antigens, helping to destroy mutant cells
neoplasms
cancerous tumors
neuropeptides
messenger hormones produced in the brain and other organs that fit into the receptor sites of lymphocytes
immunoenhancement
term used to describe various stress management techniques that appear to boost the immune system
human energy fields
thought to be composed of layers of consciousness that surround and permeate the physical body
subtle energy
series of layers of energy that surround/permeate the body; possible related to layers of consciousness making up human energy field
etheric energy/bioplasma
layer of energy closes to the physical body
kirlian photography
technique enabling electromagnetic energy given off by an object to be observed
subtle anatomy
comprises the human energy field, the chakra system, and meridian system
chakras
seven major chakras align from crown of the head to the base of the spine and connect to various endocrine galnds. each one is associated with various aspects of the mind-body-spirit dynamic. when a specific chakra is closed, the perception of stress may ensue
energy psychology
used to describe the collaboration of subtle energy (chakras, meridians, and the human energy field) with psychological issues and trauma involving certain aspects of stress
sympathetic resonance
a resonating vibration given off by one object that is picked up by another object in close proximity
spontaneous remission
sudden disappearance of a nonmedically treated disease, most often observed with cancerous tumors, but other diseases as well
nocebos
a bona fide, effective medicine that does NOT work because the patient doesnt believe that it will
target organs
any organ receiving excess neural or hormonal stimulation that results in eventual dysfunction of the organ
atherogenesis
first stage of coronary heart disease, wherein a fat streak appears on the inner lining of artery walls
atherosclerosis
second stage of coronary heart disease, wherein artery walls slowly become occluded by cholesterol plaque buildup
arteriosclerosis
third and final stage of coronary heart disease, wherein the arteries become hardened by cholesterol buildup, calcium deposits, and loss of elasticity
broken heart syndrome
heart attack results form emotional stress
exogenous underreactive
an underreactive immune system affected by external pathogens (flu)
exogenous overreactive
overreactive immune system affected by external pathogens (allergies)
endogenous underreactive
underreactive immune system affected by internal pathogens (arthritis
endogenous overreactive
overreactive immune system affected by internal pathogens (cancer)
oncogene
produces cancer
instinctual tension
freudian term used to highlight the tension between the mind’s impulses and the body’s response, suggesting that stress is humanly inherent
ego
freudian term naming part of psyche that triggers stress, defends against all enemies
defense mechanisms
unconscious thinking patterns of the ego to either decrease pain or increase pleasure (freud)
denial
defense mechanism that freud noted
repression
involuntary removal of memories and feelings from conscious so they are less threatening to ego
projection
attributing ones thoughts and feelings to other people so they are less threatening
rationalization
reinterpretation of the current reality to match one’s liking: reinterpretation of the truth
displacement
transference of emotional pain from a threatening source to a nonthreatening source
humor
defense mechanism that fits with freuds increase pleasure decrease pain
individuation
carl jung, describes self realization that leads to wholeness
personal unconscious
repository of personal thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories
collective uncounscious
carl jung, deepest level of consciousness which connects all people together as one
stage of grieving
elisabeth kubler-ross, process regarding mental preparation for death, including denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
adaptation
behavior and attitude considered the epitome of the acceptance stage of grieving, where a person adapts to the new situation and no longer sees himself as victim
logotherapy
term coined by psychiatrist vikto frankl describing search for meaning in ones life
tragic optimism
fankl, explains mindset of someone finding value and meaning in the worst situation
noo-dynamics
frankl, state of tension that motivates one to find meaning in life
leftover guilt
wayne dyer, explains ill effects of unresolved guilt left over from early childhood experience
law of pure potentiality
seek guidance rather than external validation
law of giving
open heart to give and receive
law of karma
cause and effect; responsibility for our actions
law of least effort
go with flow/harmony in what we cannot control
law of intention and desire
set goals but let go of desires
law of detachment
release thoughts that hold back human detachment
law of dharma or life purpose
contemplation of ones purpose in life
