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Music History 1 > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pythagoras

A

Ancient Greek Philosopher and mathematician

identified mathematical relationships in music

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2
Q

Tetrachord

A

Fundamental scalar unit of Greek music theory instead of 8ve

four consecutive pitches spanning a fourth

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3
Q

genera

A

ancient Greek term used to describe types of tetrachords (Diatonic BCDE, chromatic BCDflatE, enharmonic BhalfCCE)

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4
Q

Greek Instruments

A

stringed instruments-Apollo-Lyre-Kithara

Aulos-double-barreled reed pipe-Dionysus

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5
Q

Boethius

A

Ancient Roman Scholar(480-524)-wrote treatise on each of several liberal arts
De institutione musica-music in three divisions
musica mundana-most important; music of spheres
musica humana-human music
musica instrumentalis-lowest form; sounding music, including singing

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6
Q

Doctrine of Ethos

A

Belief that music can powerfully affect human character and behavior shared by Plato and Aristotle

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7
Q

Apollonian

A

art that is abstract and appeals to the intellect.

Apollo is god of sun, music and poetry

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8
Q

Direct singing

A

solo or unison singing

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9
Q

Responsorial singing

A

solo singer performed verses of text and congregation answered each verse with a response (refain or following verse)

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10
Q

Antiphonal singing

A

Singers divided into groups that sing in alteration

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11
Q

Ars Subtillior

A

French composers’ exploitation of techniques provided by Ars Nova in late 14th century

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12
Q

Guilamme de Machaut

A

most famous and accomplished composer of Ars Nova
composed 23 motets, both sacred and secular
Messse de Notre Dame-earliest surviving compilation of complete polyphonic mass

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13
Q

Formes Fixes

A

French standard designs for complete compositions of chansons based off stanza

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14
Q

ballade

A

aabC aabC aabC

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15
Q

Virelaie

A

Abba Abba AbbaA

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16
Q

Rondeau

A

AB aA ab AB

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17
Q

Phillip de Vitry

A

14th century music theorist
Wrote treatise Ars Nova
new approach to notating complex rhythms

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18
Q

Ars Nova

A

new approach to notating rhythm; rejects dependence on triple

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19
Q

Isorhythm

A

musical technique that arranges a fixed pattern of pitches with a repeating rhythmic pattern
used in motets

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20
Q

Motet

A

13th century highly varied musical compositions with liturgical and secular themes
poly-textual

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21
Q

Ligature

A

graphic symbol representing two or more notes performed in a single gesture, and on a single syllable

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22
Q

Cantus Firmus

A

the existing chant/chant melody

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23
Q

Ordo

A

grouping of rhythmic modal units into phrases articulated by rests

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24
Q

Leonin

A

12th century composer assoc. Cathedral of Notre Dame
Wrote Magnus Liber Organi
use of rhythmic modes

25
Q

Perotin

A

Member of Notre Dame polyphony school of thought and Ars Nova
expanded Leonins Magnus Liber Organi with organum duplum, organum triplum, complex discant calusulae

26
Q

Discant

A

each voice would have a simple or compound neume for each syllable of text, distinguished from florid organum

27
Q

Rhythmic Modes

A

Notre Dame School of Though

Set patterns of long and short durations for polyphonic parts; six rhythmic modes based on longa or breve

28
Q

Notre Dame Polyphony

A

the development of applying rhythmic modes to melodic lines

29
Q

Florid Organum

A

many notes in organal voice (duplum) over tenor; or the chant voice

30
Q

Free Organum

A

independence of melodic direction between voices.
contrary motion, parallel and oblique
note against note, mostly perfect intervals

31
Q

Parallel Organum

A

doubling of chant in octaves or other intervals

32
Q

Estampie

A

Instrumental dance music which might have words for singing

33
Q

Medieval Instruments

A

harp, psaltery, lute, rebec, vielle or fiedel, recorder, shawms, bagpipes, pipe and tabor, positive and portative organ

34
Q

Haut

A

loud instruments for outdoors or in very large halls

35
Q

Bas

A

delicate soft instruments

36
Q

Minnesinger

A

German aristocratic poet-composers. composed minnelieder (courty love songs)

37
Q

St. Augustine

A 
Church Father (354-430) Confessions 
dilemma in enjoying the pleasures of music over the contemplation of God.
38
Q

Pope Gregory

A

Established Schola Cantorum (Singers school) distinguishing priests from singers
spread Christian faith and musical practice with missionaries

39
Q

Mass

A

public form of worship

combination of teaching half and Holy communion

40
Q

Proper

A

text and music changes based on day of year

41
Q

Ordinary

A

text and music remain the same regardless of day of year

42
Q

Divine Office

A

Private form of worship

Pray 7x a day and once at night

43
Q

Greater Hours

A

part of Divine office in which music was more complex

Matins, Lauds, Vespers and Compline

44
Q

Psalm tone

A

melodies employed specifically for singing the verses of the psalms
inntonation, tenor with flex, mediant, tenor, termination

45
Q

Diastematic Notation

A

indicated heights of notes as well as direction of melodic gesture

46
Q

Guido of Arrezo

A

11th century teacher and theorist
standardization of 4 line staff
“Ut queant laxis”

47
Q

Hexachord

A

pattern of six tones used for sight singing

48
Q

Solmization

A

System developed by Guide of Arrezo for sight singing using hexachords

49
Q

Mutation

A

process of pivoting from one hexachord to the next

50
Q

Modes

A

classes of melodic configurations or formulas

51
Q

Trope

A

the addition of words or music or both to an existing chant

52
Q

Sequence

A

special application of troping principle which became a complete independent movement within the Mass

53
Q

Notker Balbulus

A

monk that realized long melismas following the Alleluia were easier to memorize if words were added
composed poems to be sung syllabically called prosa

54
Q

Hildegard von Bingen

A

female german writer, nun and visionary that composed sequences

55
Q

Liturgical Drama

A

Result of troping; acting out of sung texts

Easter and Christmas were most popular

56
Q

Jongleurs/Minstrels

A

poor low class traveling musicians that would tumble and juggle in town squares

57
Q

Troubadour/Trouvere

A

upper class composers of poetry and music

58
Q

Chanson de Geste

A

oral tradition of long verse narratives that sang stories of heroes’ escapades.

59
Q

Dionysian

A

art that arouses strong emotion, God of fertility and wine

Music History 1 (1 decks)

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