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Sociology 101 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sociology?

A

study of human society and social interaction

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2
Q

What is a society?

A

large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

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3
Q

why study sociology?

A

Helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and our social world.
Helps us see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and our society.
Promotes understanding and tolerance by helping us look beyond personal experiences and gain insight into the larger world order.

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4
Q

Sociological imagination

A

the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger society

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5
Q

High income countries

A

nations with highly industrialized economies, high levels of national and personal income

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6
Q

middle income countries

A

Sometimes referred to as developing countries, these are nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income.

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7
Q

Low income countries

A

primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.

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8
Q

Industrialization

A

The process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to dependence on manufacturing industries.

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9
Q

urbanization

A

The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than rural areas

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10
Q

Auguste comte

A

“founder of sociology”
positivism— a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry.
believed objective, bias-free knowledge was attainable only through the use of science rather than religion.

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11
Q

Harriet martineau

A

believed society would emerge with equality

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12
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

believed societies develop through survival of the fittest

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13
Q

Social darwinism

A

animals best adapted to their environment survive and prosper
herbert spencer

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14
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

limits of humans potentials are socially based

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15
Q

Social facts

A

emile durkheim
patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person

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16
Q

Karl Marx

A 
Viewed history as a clash between conflicting ideas and forces. 
Believed class conflict produced social change and a better society.
Combined ideas from philosophy, history, and social science into a new theory.
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17
Q

Max Weber

A

Believed sociological research should exclude personal values and economic interests.
Provided insights on rationalization, bureaucracy and religion.

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18
Q

Georg Simmel

A

Theorized about society as a web of patterned interactions among people.
Analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the size of the social group.
Developed formal sociology, an approach that focuses attention on the universal recurring social forms that underlie the varying content of social interaction.

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19
Q

Jane Addams

A

Founded Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses, in Chicago.
One of the authors of a methodology text used by sociologists for the next forty years.
Awarded Nobel Prize for assistance to the underprivileged.

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20
Q

W.E.B Du Bois

A

One of the first to note the identity conflict of being both Black and American.
Pointed out that people in the U.S. espouse values of democracy, freedom, and equality while they accept racism and group discrimination.

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21
Q

Functionalist perspectives

A

based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system

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22
Q

Conflict perspectives

A

groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources

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23
Q

Symbolic interactionist perspectives

A

society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups

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24
Q

postmodern perspectives

A

theories unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by global communications

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25
Q 
Which sociological perspective do you think explains the concept of inequality in our  society the most accurately?
Structural-functionalist
Conflict
Symbolic interactionist
Feminist
A

feminst

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26
Q

theory and research cycle

A

theories - hypothesis - observations - generalizations

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27
Q

casual relationship

A

one causes another

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28
Q

inverse casual relationship

A

the lack of one causes another

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29
Q

multiple cause explanation

A

many factors cause one

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30
Q

.Sociology helps us get a better understanding of ourselves and our world by:
enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and the society in which we live.

enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by the large social structures that comprise society.

enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by the social institutions and close knit friendships in which we belong.

enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by a combination of pathological and social forces.

A

enabling us to see how behavior is shaped by the groups to which we belong and the society in which we live.

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31
Q

. Using the Sociological Imagination allows us to:
bridge knowledge between Psychology and Sociology.

make personal troubles public issues.

make in-roads into finding absolute truth.

bridge the gap between micro and macro processes.

A

make personal troubles public issues.

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32
Q

.The approach that begins with a theory and uses research to test the theory is called:
qualitative

deductive

quantitative

inductive

A

deductive.

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33
Q

Durkheim identified four types of suicide. They are:
Altruistic, Egoistic, Anomic, Fatalistic

Altruistic, Egocentric, Anomic, Fatalistic

Altruistic, Anthroscopic, Egocentric, Fatalistic

Altruistic, Egoistic, Anthroscopic, Egocentric

A

Altruistic, Egoistic, Anomic, Fatalistic

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34
Q

what is culture

A

The knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

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35
Q

material culture

A

Physical or tangible creations (such as clothing shelter, and art) that members of a society make, use, and share.

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36
Q

non material culture

A

Abstract or intangible human creations of society (such as attitudes, beliefs, and values) that influence people’s behavior.

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37
Q

components of culture

A

symbol
language
values
norm

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38
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

According to this theory, language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.

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39
Q

Prescriptive norms

A

state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable

40
Q

Proscriptive norms

A

state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable.

41
Q

Formal norms

A

written down and involve specific punishments for violators.

42
Q

informal norms

A

unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.

43
Q

mores

A

Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences.

44
Q

Countercultures

A

Countercultures are groups that strongly reject dominant society values and norms and seek alternative lifestyles

45
Q

High culture

A

High Culture: Activities patronized by members of the upper-middle and upper classes, with time, money, and knowledge assumed necessary for its appreciation.

46
Q

Popular Culture

A

Popular Culture: Activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to the middle and working classes

47
Q

.________ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.
Nonmaterial culture

Cultural universals

Material culture

High culture

A

Material culture

48
Q

Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems are examples of:
material culture

high culture

nonmaterial culture

cultural universals

A

nonmaterial culture

49
Q 
An example of a symbol is:
a dove
all of the choices
a heart
Nazi swastika
A

all of the choices

50
Q

According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:
reality is objective and is easily understood by humans.

language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.

reality is based on the interactions of individuals.

with more knowledge, a person minimizes the influence of language.

A

language shapes the view of reality of its speakers.

51
Q

According to Karl Marx, and Marxist theorists:

none of the choices.

ideas are used by agents of the wealthy to affect the thoughts and actions of members of other classes.

ideas are effective for the working classes to motivate the wealthy.

ideas have little impact on the relations between the wealthy and poor in societies.

A

ideas are used by agents of the wealthy to affect the thoughts and actions of members of other classes.

52
Q

Sanctions are only punishments when behavior or attitudes are deviant.
False
True

A

false

53
Q

Socialization

A

The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

54
Q

nature

A

heredity

55
Q

nurture

A

social environment

56
Q

Id

A

Id: basic biological drives and needs immediate gratification (i want candy)

57
Q

Ego

A

Ego: rational, reality-oriented component that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure seeking (i will wait for candy)

58
Q

superego

A

Superego: conscience, moral and ethical aspects of personality
(its wrong to steal)

59
Q

Cooley: the looking glass self

A

we imagine how others judge us

60
Q

Mead and Role taking

A

I is what i believe

me is what others think of me

61
Q

Socialization is essential for:

the individual’s survival and for human development.

all of the choices.

the survival and stability of society.

society to learn how to reproduce itself.

A

all of the choices

62
Q

The lifelong practice of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society, is called:
socialization

sociological imagination

acculturation

assimilation

A

socialization

63
Q

Kohlberg’s research classified moral reasoning into three sequential levels as follows:

id, ego, superego

imagination, imitation, and simulation

preparatory, play, game

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

A

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.

64
Q

The ________ by Charles Horton Cooley refers to the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

generalized other

reference group self

Looking-glass self

ego

A

looking glass self

65
Q 
Agents of socialization include:
mass media
school
all of the choices
the family
A

all the choices

66
Q

Piagets stages of cognitive devoplement

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operation

67
Q

kohlbergs stages of moral development

A

preconvenntional, conventional, post conventional

68
Q

Gilligan’s Stages of Female Moral Development

A

Stage 1: A woman is motivated primarily by selfish concerns.

Stage 2: She recognizes her responsibility to others.

Stage 3: She makes a decision based on a desire to do the greatest good for self and for others.

69
Q

Social structure

A

Social structure is the framework of societal institutions (politics, and religion) and social practices (social roles) that make up a society and establish limits on behavior.

70
Q

social interaction

A

Social interaction is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

71
Q

status

A

A socially defined position in society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.

72
Q

Ascribed status

A

Social position based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

73
Q

Achieved status

A

Social position that a person assumes as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

74
Q

roles

A

A set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

75
Q

Role Conflict

A

Occurs when incompatible demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time.

76
Q

Role Strain

A

Occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that the person holds.

77
Q

Social group

A

A social group consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

78
Q

social institution

A

A social institution is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
Family; Religion; Education; Economy; Government or politics

79
Q

Durkheim’s Typology of Social Solidarity

A

Social solidarity is based on social structure which is based on division of labor.

80
Q

Gemeinschaft: Tonnies

A

A Gemeinschaft society would be made up of the various family trees and how they are related to one another.

81
Q

Gesellschaft: Tonnies

A

A Gesellschaft society would be made up of clumps of trees, each has a specialized relationship and may not be committed to the others.

82
Q

industrial societies

A

Industrial societies are based on technology that mechanizes production.
People who are unemployed do not share the same status markers as those who have jobs.

83
Q

Postindustrial society

A

A postindustrial society is one in which technology supports a service and information based economy.
They are characterized by an economy in which large numbers of people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs.

84
Q

Ethnomethodology

A

The study of the commonsense knowledge people use to understand situations.

85
Q

Harold Garfinkel

A

ethno for “people” and methodology for “a system of methods.”

86
Q

Goffman: Dramaturgical Analysis

A

The study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

87
Q

sociology of emotions

A

Sociology of emotions helps us understand the social context of our feelings and the relationship between the roles we play and emotions we experience.

88
Q

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

A

Establishes the relationship among people in terms of their power over one another.

89
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people.
Role taking
Social interaction
Role performance
Role expectation
A

social interaction

90
Q 
Being a college professor is a(n):
achieved status
tertiary status
none of the choices
ascribed status
A

achieved status

91
Q 
Being a homeless person is a(n):
none of the choices
tertiary status
ascribed status
master status
A

master status

92
Q 
Women who work for less pay, less prestige, and more career roadblocks often experience:
role conflict
role exit
role strain
role ambiguity
A

role strain.

93
Q

Nonverbal communication regulates our conversations.
True.
False.

A

true

94
Q

mater status

A

most important

being poor or rich

95
Q

status symbol

A

specific status

wedding ring

Sociology 101 (1 decks)

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