Test 1

Question 0

Algesia

Answer 0

Increased sensitivity to pain

Question 1

Define pain

Answer 1

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage

Question 2

Algogenic

Answer 2

Pain producing

Question 3

Allodynia

Answer 3

A normally non harmful stimulus perceived as painful ie feather

Question 4

Analgesia

Answer 4

Pain relief

Question 5

Dysesthesia

Answer 5

An unpleasant abnormal painful sensation weather evoked or spontaneous

Question 6

Hyperalgesia

Answer 6

Heighten pain response

Question 7

Neuralgial

Answer 7

Painful sensation in a cluster of peripheral nerves

Question 8

Neuropathy

Answer 8

Abnormal disturbance in the function of nerves

Question 9

Paresthesia

Answer 9

Abnormal sensation wether evoked or spontaneous

Question 10

Morphology of sharp fast pain

Answer 10

Myelinated A-delta (Aδ) primary afferent neurons conduct action potentials at velocities between 6 and 30 m/sec

Question 11

Nocicepter

Answer 11

Noxious stimulus is detected by pain receptors, or nociceptors,
which are free nerve endings.

Question 12

Dull achey burning throbbing pain

Answer 12

Smaller nonmyelinated C fibers conduct at velocities between 0.5 and 2 m/sec

mechanical, thermal, and chemical injuries

Question 13

Neuropathic Pain

Answer 13

Neuropathic Pain caused by damage to peripheral or central neural structures resulting in abnormal processing of painful stimuli.
Often described as: 1. “burning”
2. “tingling”
3. “shock-like” etc

Question 14

Somatic

Answer 14

Somatic Pain: pain that has an identifiable locus as a result of tissue damage causing the release of chemicals from injured cells that mediate pain.

1. well localized
2. sharp in nature
3. generally hurts at the point or area of stimulus

Question 15

Visceral

Answer 15

Visceral Pain: diffuse and can be referred to another area. It is often associated with distention of an organ capsule or the obstruction of a hollow viscus. Also, it is often accompanied with autonomic reflexes such as N/V/D.

1. “dull”
2. “cramping”
3. “squeezing”
4. vague in nature

Question 16

Idiopathic/psych

Answer 16

Idiopathic or Psychogenic Pain: associated with chronic pain states and is used to describe pain that has no apparent cause. Neither nociceptive or non-nociceptive mechanisms can be identified as a cause for pain, and psychological symptoms are commonly present.

Question 17

Pain transmission ascending pathway stim > brain

Answer 17

Spinothalamic (anterolateral) system!

1) stimulus > free nerve endings> type a delta fast or type c slow (cell bodies dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord)
2) entering dorsal horn > tract of Lissauer
3) primary afferents enter the gray matter synapse with second-order neurons and terminate primarily in Rexed’s laminae I, II, and V.
3) Second order neurons then cross the midline of the spinal cord through the anterior commissure and ascend in the anterolateral pathway of the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus.
4) In the lateral thalamus and the intralaminar nuclei, second- order neurons synapse with third-order neurons, which then send projections to the cerebral cortex
5) perception

Question 18

2 types of second order neurons

Answer 18

nociceptive neurons and wide dynamic range

Question 19

Define wdr secondary neuron

Answer 19

wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons that receive input from both nociceptive (Aδ and C fibers) and non- nociceptive (A-β) primary afferents. WDR neurons are activated by a variety of stimulants (innocuous and noxious)

Question 20

Define nociceptive secondary neuron

Answer 20

nociceptive (Aδ and C fibers) input

Question 21

Perception

Answer 21

Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

Perception: occurs once the signal is recognized by various areas of the brain, including the amygdala, somatosensory areas of the cortex, hypothalamus, and the anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 22

Define Modulation

Answer 22

Modulation: involves altering neural afferent activity along the pain pathway; it can suppress or enhance pain signals

occurs within the descending efferent pathways

the descending efferent modulatory pathways from the brain are
considered the body’s “analgesia system” or pain control system

Question 23

Descending pathway pain perception > pain control

Answer 23

descending axons from the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, periaqueductal gray, nucleus raphe magnus, and locus coeruleus via the dorsolateral funiculis synapse with and suppress pain transmission to the brainstem and the spinal cord dorsal horn.

endogenous opioids (enkephalin/dynorphin) play an inhibitory role
Pain modulation is enhanced in the presence of “Central Sensitization.”

Question 24

Define Transduction

Answer 24

Transductionthe transformation of a noxious stimulus (chemical, mechanical, or thermal) into an action potential.

Question 25

Transmission

Answer 25

Transmission: the process by which an action potential is conducted from the periphery to the CNS.

Question 26

What are the excitatory neurons and what do they work on?

Answer 26

Substance p - neurokinin 1/2

Glutamate -nmda (ampa, kainate)

Question 27

What are the inhibitory chemicals and what receptor do they work on?

Answer 27

Glycine- chlorine 
GABA - GABA
Serotonin- 5HT
NE - alpha 2*
Enkephlin - Mu kappa dela (morphine)

Question 28

Ion movt during pain transmission

Answer 28

Sodium rushes in (depole)

Then potassium moves out (repole)