Test #1 Flashcards
Lymphedema
occurs when lymph is not drained from an area of the body
Lymphangitis, Lymphadentis,
Lymphangitis, Lymphadenitis refer to the secondary inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
metasis (spread) of cancer- the lymphogenous dissemination of cancer
Damage to CNS
injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
growth is blocked by astrocyte proliferation
permanent disability follows destruction of a tract in the CNS
Peripheral Nerve Degeneration
axons degernate distal to the lesion because they depend on their cell bodies for survival
crushing nerve injury damage/kills the axons distal to the injury site
cell bodies survive and the connective tissue coverings of the nerve are intact
Peripheral Nerve Degeneration
compromising a nerves blood supply for along period produce Ischemia by compression of the vasa nervorum which can also cause nerve degeneration
Conventional Radiography
X-ray
tissues of differing densities of mass within the body
Compact bone absorbs more X-rays than does a less dense tissue (such as spongy [cancellous] bone)
X-Ray colors
very dense substance is radiopaque
substance of less density is radiolucent
Posteroanterior (PA) Projection
refers to a radiograph in which the X-rays traversed the patient from posterior (P) to anterior (A)
Anteroposterior (AP) Projection
is the opposite of PA
X-rays traversed the patient from anterior (A) to posterior (P)
Anteroposterior (AP) View
projection radiographs are viewed as if you and the patient are facing each other
the patients right side is your left
Standard Chest X-Ray: AP View, PA projection
Computerized Tomography
CT/CAT Scan
3D x-ray
Ultrasonograph
allows visualization of superficial or deep structures in the body
standard method of evaluating the growth and development of the embryo and fetus
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI
soft tissue
tissue differentiation
tissues in any plane
Positron Emission Tomography
PET scan
physiological functions of organs such as the brain on a dynamic basis
areas of increased brain activity will show selective uptake of injected isotope
Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
Osteoporosis: net demineralization of bones and results from disruption of the normal balance of Ca deposition and resoprtion
become weak and brittle and are subject to fracture
most common in the thoracic vertebrae
Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis
“humpback”
abnormal increase in the thoracic curves vertebral column curves posteriorly
Dowagers Hump
Excessive Lumbar Lordosis
“hollow back”
anterior rotation of the pelvis, abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
Abnormal Extension Deformity: associated with weakened trunk musculature
Scoliosis
“Curved Back”
characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae
most common in pubertal girls
Spina Bifida Occulta
which the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and fuse
concealed by skin but its location is often indicated by a tuft of hair
no back problems normally
Spina Bifid Cystica
one or more vertebral arches may almost completely fail to develop
associated with herniation of the meninges (meningocele) and/or spinal cord (meningomyelocele)
Dislocation of Vertebrae
dislocated in neck injuries with less force than is required to fracture them
hyperextension injuries: anterior longitudinal ligament is severely stretched and may be torn
T11& T12 are the most commonly fractured noncervical vertebrae
Spondylolysis
L5
results from a failure of the centrum of L5 to unite adequately with the neural arches during developement
Spondylolisthesis
at the L5-S1 articulation may result in the pressure on the spinal nerves of the cauda equina as they pass into the superior part of the sacrum causing back and lower limb pain
Spondylolisthesis (Cervical rupture)
C2-C3 IV disc may also rupture
cranium, C1 and C2 are separated from the rest of the axial skeleton, spinal cord is usually severed
injury seldom survive
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
narrowing of vertebral foramen
lumbar spinal nerves increase in size as the vertebral column descends but the IV foramina decrease in size
Aging of Vertebrae and Intervertebral Discs
aging of the IV discs combined with the changing shape of the vertebrae results in an increase in compressive forces at the periphery of the vertebral bodies where the discs attach
Injury and Disease of Zygapophysial Joints
Osteoarthritis, related spinal nerves are often affected
causes pain along the distribution pattern of the dermatomes and spasm in the muscles derived from the associated myotomes
Denervation of Lumbar Zygapop Joints: procedure may be used for treatment of back pain caused by disease of the joints
Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus
may herniate into the vertebral canal and compress the spinal cord or nerve roots of spinal nerves in the cauda equina
Chronic Pain resulting from the spinal nerve roots being compressed by the herniated discs to the area Dermatome
95% occur at L4-L5 or L5-S1 levels
Sciatica
pain in the lower back and hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg
often caused by a herniated lumbar IV disc or osteophytes that compress the L5 or S1 of sciatic nerve
Rupture of Transverse Ligament of Atlas
the dens is set free
Atlanto-Axial Subluxation or incomplete dislocation of the median atlanto-axial joint
Quadriplegia
complete dislocation occurs, dens may be drive into the upper cervical region of the spinal cord
Paralysis of all 4 limbs, causing death
Rupture of Alar Ligaments
combined flexion and rotation of the head may tear one or both alar ligaments
rupture of alar ligaments results in an increase of approx. 30% in the range of movement to the opposite side
Back Pain
Fibroskeletal structures (periosteum, ligaments, anuli fibrosi of IV discs) meninges (coverings of the spinal cord) synovial joints (capsules of zygapop joints) muscles (intrinsic muscles) nervous tissue (spinal nerves or nerve roots exiting IV foramina)
Lumbar Spinal Puncture
obtain a sample of CSF from the lumbar cistern
inserted into the Subarachnoid space
aka: Spinal Tap
midline between the spinous processes of L3 and L4 (or L4 and L5) vertebrae reduced danger for spinal cord
Epidural Anesthesia (blocks)
has a direct effect on the spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina after they exit from the dural sac
patient loses sensation inferior to the level of the block
Ischemia of Spinal Cord
deficiency of blood supply (ischemia) of the spinal cord affects its function and can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis
Alternative Circulation Pathways
Vertebral Venous Plexuses are important because blood may return from the pelvis or abdomen through these plexuses and reach the heart via the SVC when the IVC is obstructed
Back Sprains
is an injury in which only ligamentous tissue or the attachment of ligament to bone is involved without dislocation or fracture
Back Strain
involves some degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers
Conventional Radiographs for Vertebrae
are very good for high-contrast structures such as bone
Myelography: visualization of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots= radiopaque (largely replaced by MRI)
Computerized Tomography (CT) of vertebrae
differentiates between the white and gray matter of the brain and spinal cord
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
produces extremely good images of the vertebral column, spinal cord and CSF
demonstrates the components of IV discs and shows their relationships to the vertebral bodies& longitudinal ligaments
procedure of choice for evaluating IV disc disorders
Paralysis of Serratus Anterior
serratus anterior is paralyzed because of injury to the long thoracic nerve the medial border of the scapula moves laterally and posteriorly away form the thoracic wall
“winged scapula”
Congenital Torticollis
contraction of the cervical muscles that produce twisting of the neck and slanting of the head (torticollis)
“wry neck” results from a fibrous tissue tumor that develops in SCM before or shortly after birth
Cervical Dsytonia
“spasmodic torticollis”
usually begins in childhood
involve any bilat combination of lateral neck muscles: SCM and traps
Subclavian Vein Puncture
right or left subclavian veins is often the point of entry for the venous system for Central Line Replacement
inserted to administer parental fluids and medications and to measure central venous pressure
Severance of Phrenic Nerves and Phrenic Nerve Block
severance of phrenic nerve results in paralysis of the corresponding half of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve block produces a short period of paralysis of the diaphragm on one side
Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Region
Cervical Plexus Block: injected a several points along the posterior border of SCM, mainly at the junction of its superior& middle thirds the nerve point of the neck
Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Regions
Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus
block injected around the supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus
