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Blue Boxes > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

0
Q

Lymphedema

A

occurs when lymph is not drained from an area of the body

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1
Q

Lymphangitis, Lymphadentis,

A

Lymphangitis, Lymphadenitis refer to the secondary inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
metasis (spread) of cancer- the lymphogenous dissemination of cancer

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2
Q

Damage to CNS

A

injured axons do not recover in most circumstances
growth is blocked by astrocyte proliferation
permanent disability follows destruction of a tract in the CNS

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3
Q

Peripheral Nerve Degeneration

A

axons degernate distal to the lesion because they depend on their cell bodies for survival
crushing nerve injury damage/kills the axons distal to the injury site
cell bodies survive and the connective tissue coverings of the nerve are intact

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4
Q

Peripheral Nerve Degeneration

A

compromising a nerves blood supply for along period produce Ischemia by compression of the vasa nervorum which can also cause nerve degeneration

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5
Q

Conventional Radiography

A

X-ray
tissues of differing densities of mass within the body
Compact bone absorbs more X-rays than does a less dense tissue (such as spongy [cancellous] bone)

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6
Q

X-Ray colors

A

very dense substance is radiopaque

substance of less density is radiolucent

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7
Q

Posteroanterior (PA) Projection

A

refers to a radiograph in which the X-rays traversed the patient from posterior (P) to anterior (A)

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8
Q

Anteroposterior (AP) Projection

A

is the opposite of PA

X-rays traversed the patient from anterior (A) to posterior (P)

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9
Q

Anteroposterior (AP) View

A

projection radiographs are viewed as if you and the patient are facing each other
the patients right side is your left
Standard Chest X-Ray: AP View, PA projection

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10
Q

Computerized Tomography

A

CT/CAT Scan

3D x-ray

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11
Q

Ultrasonograph

A

allows visualization of superficial or deep structures in the body
standard method of evaluating the growth and development of the embryo and fetus

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12
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

MRI
soft tissue
tissue differentiation
tissues in any plane

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13
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

PET scan
physiological functions of organs such as the brain on a dynamic basis
areas of increased brain activity will show selective uptake of injected isotope

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14
Q

Abnormal Curvatures of the Vertebral Column

A

Osteoporosis: net demineralization of bones and results from disruption of the normal balance of Ca deposition and resoprtion
become weak and brittle and are subject to fracture
most common in the thoracic vertebrae

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15
Q

Excessive Thoracic Kyphosis

A

“humpback”
abnormal increase in the thoracic curves vertebral column curves posteriorly
Dowagers Hump

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16
Q

Excessive Lumbar Lordosis

A

“hollow back”
anterior rotation of the pelvis, abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
Abnormal Extension Deformity: associated with weakened trunk musculature

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17
Q

Scoliosis

A

“Curved Back”
characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae
most common in pubertal girls

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18
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

which the laminae of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and fuse
concealed by skin but its location is often indicated by a tuft of hair
no back problems normally

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19
Q

Spina Bifid Cystica

A

one or more vertebral arches may almost completely fail to develop
associated with herniation of the meninges (meningocele) and/or spinal cord (meningomyelocele)

20
Q

Dislocation of Vertebrae

A

dislocated in neck injuries with less force than is required to fracture them
hyperextension injuries: anterior longitudinal ligament is severely stretched and may be torn
T11& T12 are the most commonly fractured noncervical vertebrae

21
Q

Spondylolysis

A

L5

results from a failure of the centrum of L5 to unite adequately with the neural arches during developement

22
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

at the L5-S1 articulation may result in the pressure on the spinal nerves of the cauda equina as they pass into the superior part of the sacrum causing back and lower limb pain

23
Q

Spondylolisthesis (Cervical rupture)

A

C2-C3 IV disc may also rupture
cranium, C1 and C2 are separated from the rest of the axial skeleton, spinal cord is usually severed
injury seldom survive

24
Q

Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

A

narrowing of vertebral foramen

lumbar spinal nerves increase in size as the vertebral column descends but the IV foramina decrease in size

25
Q

Aging of Vertebrae and Intervertebral Discs

A

aging of the IV discs combined with the changing shape of the vertebrae results in an increase in compressive forces at the periphery of the vertebral bodies where the discs attach

26
Q

Injury and Disease of Zygapophysial Joints

A

Osteoarthritis, related spinal nerves are often affected
causes pain along the distribution pattern of the dermatomes and spasm in the muscles derived from the associated myotomes
Denervation of Lumbar Zygapop Joints: procedure may be used for treatment of back pain caused by disease of the joints

27
Q

Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus

A

may herniate into the vertebral canal and compress the spinal cord or nerve roots of spinal nerves in the cauda equina
Chronic Pain resulting from the spinal nerve roots being compressed by the herniated discs to the area Dermatome
95% occur at L4-L5 or L5-S1 levels

28
Q

Sciatica

A

pain in the lower back and hip and radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg
often caused by a herniated lumbar IV disc or osteophytes that compress the L5 or S1 of sciatic nerve

29
Q

Rupture of Transverse Ligament of Atlas

A

the dens is set free

Atlanto-Axial Subluxation or incomplete dislocation of the median atlanto-axial joint

30
Q

Quadriplegia

A

complete dislocation occurs, dens may be drive into the upper cervical region of the spinal cord
Paralysis of all 4 limbs, causing death

31
Q

Rupture of Alar Ligaments

A

combined flexion and rotation of the head may tear one or both alar ligaments
rupture of alar ligaments results in an increase of approx. 30% in the range of movement to the opposite side

32
Q

Back Pain

A 
Fibroskeletal structures (periosteum, ligaments, anuli fibrosi of IV discs) 
meninges (coverings of the spinal cord) 
synovial joints (capsules of zygapop joints)
muscles (intrinsic muscles) 
nervous tissue (spinal nerves or nerve roots exiting IV foramina)
33
Q

Lumbar Spinal Puncture

A

obtain a sample of CSF from the lumbar cistern
inserted into the Subarachnoid space
aka: Spinal Tap
midline between the spinous processes of L3 and L4 (or L4 and L5) vertebrae reduced danger for spinal cord

34
Q

Epidural Anesthesia (blocks)

A

has a direct effect on the spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina after they exit from the dural sac
patient loses sensation inferior to the level of the block

35
Q

Ischemia of Spinal Cord

A

deficiency of blood supply (ischemia) of the spinal cord affects its function and can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis

36
Q

Alternative Circulation Pathways

A

Vertebral Venous Plexuses are important because blood may return from the pelvis or abdomen through these plexuses and reach the heart via the SVC when the IVC is obstructed

37
Q

Back Sprains

A

is an injury in which only ligamentous tissue or the attachment of ligament to bone is involved without dislocation or fracture

38
Q

Back Strain

A

involves some degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers

39
Q

Conventional Radiographs for Vertebrae

A

are very good for high-contrast structures such as bone

Myelography: visualization of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots= radiopaque (largely replaced by MRI)

40
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT) of vertebrae

A

differentiates between the white and gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

produces extremely good images of the vertebral column, spinal cord and CSF
demonstrates the components of IV discs and shows their relationships to the vertebral bodies& longitudinal ligaments
procedure of choice for evaluating IV disc disorders

42
Q

Paralysis of Serratus Anterior

A

serratus anterior is paralyzed because of injury to the long thoracic nerve the medial border of the scapula moves laterally and posteriorly away form the thoracic wall
“winged scapula”

43
Q

Congenital Torticollis

A

contraction of the cervical muscles that produce twisting of the neck and slanting of the head (torticollis)
“wry neck” results from a fibrous tissue tumor that develops in SCM before or shortly after birth

44
Q

Cervical Dsytonia

A

“spasmodic torticollis”
usually begins in childhood
involve any bilat combination of lateral neck muscles: SCM and traps

45
Q

Subclavian Vein Puncture

A

right or left subclavian veins is often the point of entry for the venous system for Central Line Replacement
inserted to administer parental fluids and medications and to measure central venous pressure

46
Q

Severance of Phrenic Nerves and Phrenic Nerve Block

A

severance of phrenic nerve results in paralysis of the corresponding half of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve block produces a short period of paralysis of the diaphragm on one side

47
Q

Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Region

A

Cervical Plexus Block: injected a several points along the posterior border of SCM, mainly at the junction of its superior& middle thirds the nerve point of the neck

48
Q

Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Regions

Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus

A

block injected around the supraclavicular part of the brachial plexus

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