Test 1 & 2 Definitions Flashcards
A _________ is a high threshold sensory receptor of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system that is capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli
nociceptor
A ________ ________ is a central or peripheral neuron of the somatosensory nervous system that is capable of encoding noxious stimuli
nociceptive neuron
the labeling of _______ as pain fibers is not an admirable simplification but an unfortunate trivialization
nociceptors
clinical descriptors are not types of pain but rather _______ of somatic mechanisms
hypotheses
mechanical receptors that detect, transduce and encode tissue damage may also become responsive to ________
inflammation
_________ is an awareness of the elements of the environment through physical sensation
perception
nociception is the neural process of _______ stimuli
encoding
________ is a physical feeling from contact with the body
sensation
there are major _______ in the knowledge of healthcare professionals regarding the mechanisms and management of pain
deficits
C-fibres are capable of detecting noxious and non-noxious ________, thermal and chemical stimuli including hair follicles
mechanical
the ________ descriptor does not apply to patients reporting pain without hypersensitivity
nociplastic
clinically, sensitization may only be inferred indirectly from phenomena such as _________or allodynia
hyperalgesia
a ________ descriptor for an illness such as fibromyalgia should not be conflated with the hypothesized mechanisms of pain that may be present with these conditions
diagnostic
_________ is the increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normals input and or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs
sensitization
A- Delta fibers are stimulated by high intensity mechanical stimuli and _________ heat or cold
noxious
allodynia is pain due to a ________ that does not normally provoke pain
stimulus
_______ is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage
pain
nociceptive pain results in pain that arises due to actual or potential/ threatened tissue damage to ____ ______ tissue and is due to activation of nociceptors
non-neural
_________ pain is defined as pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage or evidence for a neuropathic lesion or disease
nociplastic
___________ pain is due to pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system
neuropathic
_________ is aka a pinched nerve. Symptoms occur when a nerve is compressed/irritated
radiculopathy
cell damage neurochemicals initiate an ________ and immune response
inflammatory
____________ hyperalgesia is associated with changes in the excitability of neurons in the CNS including the spinal cord and supra-spinal sites
secondary
when A-Beta neurons are not specialized, they can act as free nerve endings and respond to mechanical stimuli, including ________ stimuli
noxious
A _______ stimulus is damaging or threatens damage to non neural tissue
noxious
__________ peripherally and centrally located, features a description of the BBB and has a role in the transition to and maintenance of chronic pain
neuroinflammation
studies over the past decade demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of __________ autoantibodies in the serum of patients with “unexplained” pain conditions
pronociceptive
low-grade inflammation occurs when changes in the optical ________ environment lead to stressed cells
innate
there are no ______ biomarkers for chronic pain
reliable
limited association exists between the nature of any ________ lesions such as degenerative bone changes
structural
diverse forms of injury to the ___ result in substantial activation of immune cells
PNS
the boundaries created between various organ systems and categories of functional activity are an attempt to impose conceptual order on biological phenomenon. There is no ________ reason why nature should respect these boundaries
A-priori
assumptions about causes of chronic pain have not been borne out. Persuasive brain mechanisms responsible for the transition of distress experiences into pain __________ have not been identified
perception
a current known mode of nociception involves autoimmunity _______________
autoantibodies
identifying the critical ________ alternations in pain-related neuroimmune communications will enable understanding of pain pathogenesis and the development of effective analgesic medications
maladaptive
mediators of infections, tissue injury, low grade inflammatory diseases include the molecules of the _________ immune response
innate
current known modes of nociception involved cell-cell _______ _______ with peripheral and central effects
cross-talk
chronic pain is highly ________ with chronic stress
comorbid
_____________ and ___________ factors are consistently associated with chronic pain but it is bidirectional
psychological and social
a _______ definition of inflammation is the innate immune response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, injury and metabolic stress
diverse
a current known mode of nociception involved stress responses via _________ with peripheral and central effects
hormones
in low-grade inflammation, the classic signs of inflammation are not found and CRP levels are _________ elevated compared with those accompanying acute inflammation post injury or infection
minimally
active immune cells ________ modulate nociceptor activities and pain sensation
bidirectionally
a current textbook defines inflammation in terms of its _________ and limited view of its function
stimulus
chronic pain conditions typically come without systemically elevated ___________ markers and most patients test negative in standard autoantibody assays
inflammatory
exosomes are small ___________ vesicles that are emerging as another type of secreted factor of importance in communication between various cells i.e neurons, glial cells, etc
extracellular
a current known mode of nociception involves ________ activation by noxious stimuli
peripheral
___________ inflammation is located in the peripheral tissues, especially the skin and is thought to have a role in conditions like migraines and complex regional pain syndrome
neurogenic
small extracellular vesicles (30-150nm) known as exosomes are a known mechanism of cell to cell communication in the nervous system and regulate mechanisms of ____________
nociception
what are the two main theories the gate control theory tried to bridge?
pattern and specificity
T/F the declaration of Montreal adopted by the IASP in 2010 is a binding document upheld by law
true
T/F pronociceptive information from muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organs travel via A-alpha neurons
true
T/F nociception is increased responsiveness of sensory neurons
false
