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Family Therapy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bateson Studied what type of families

A

Those with a Schizophrenic member

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2
Q

Palo Alto Project Members

A

Gregory Bateson, Don Jackson, John Haley

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3
Q

Difference between Report and Command communication

A

Palo Alto Group

Report = content (such as family rules)
Command = metacommunication
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4
Q

Double Bind

A

Palo Alto Group - Bateson

Two related but contradictory statements
Conflict between report and command functions in communication

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5
Q

Family Homeostatic Model

A

Palo Alto Group - Bateson & Cybernetics

Families maintain homeostasis through feedback mechanisms

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6
Q

Two main discoveries made by Bateson

A

Multiple levels of communication

Destructive patterns of relating are maintained by self-regulating interactions of the family group

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7
Q

Murray Bowen

A

Started his career as a psychiatrist who studied schizophrenia

Major early interests included mother-child symbiosis

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8
Q

Differentiation of Self

A

Bowen

Occurs when one can detriangualte one’s self

Resolve emotional conflict with family of origin

characterized by an ability to think and reflect as opposed to making automatic reactions

Roughly analogous to ego strength

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9
Q

Triangles

A

Bowen

Developed while working at NIMH with schizophrenics

People often bring in a third party to solve the problems within a dyad, as this diffuses emotional tension

People who get pulled into triangles are often less differentiated

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10
Q

Who was one of the first to try family therapy

A

Bowen in 1955

also one of the first to view families as the unit of dysfunction

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11
Q

Network Family Therapy

A

Bowen

Multiple families & Extended family in group therapy setting

Didn’t work as families would often battle for attention and talking time

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12
Q

Single Family Therapy

A

Bowen

Centered around a balance of togetherness and individuality

Forced family members to talk with one another so as to avoid being pulled into the family’s undifferentiated Ego Mass

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13
Q

Genograms

A

Bowen

used to highlight and examine relational disturbances and how they have traveled down through generations.

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14
Q

Family Projection Process

A

Bowen

The process by which parents transmit their lack of differentiation to their children

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15
Q

Multigenerational Transmission Process

A

Bowen

Family’s emotional process across multiple generations

Caused by a lack of differentiation from one’s family of origin or Fusion.
Lack of differentiation often causes emotional reactivity or emotional cut offs
This unhealthy lack of differentiation causes the individual to suffer from problems in the next family. Common problems include: emotional distancing, physical and emotional dysfunction, marital conflict, projection onto the children.

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16
Q

Sibling Position

A

Bowen

Theorized that children develop a personality in a fixed manner according to their sibling position

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17
Q

Emotional Cut Off

A

Bowen

Flight from unresolved family emotional attachment

used to manage intergenerational anxiety

usually more present with higher level of emotional fusion

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18
Q

Bowen - Normal Family Development

A

Individuals are well differentiated

low anxiety

Good emotional contact amongst family members

Family members can distinguish between thinking and feeling

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19
Q

Bowen - Family Pathology

A

Stress exceeds the family’s ability to cope with it

Emotional fusion is the core of family dysfunction

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20
Q

Bowen - Goals of Therapy

A

Decrease anxiety and increase differentiation

Provide insight into the family of origin

Examine both Process and Structure
Process = Emotional reactions
Structure = Relationships and Triangles

Modify the marital/executive dyad to influence the rest of the family

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21
Q

Bowen - Assessment

A

Genogram

Motivation and knowledge of family of origin are keys to success

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22
Q

Bowen - Therapy Techniques

A

Process Questions

Relationship experiments

Taking the I position (owning your feelings and behaviors)

Displacement stories

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23
Q

Circumplex Model

A

Cohesion = Emotional bonding that families have toward one another

Flexibility = Quality and expression of leadership and organization, role relationships, and relationship rules and negotiations.

Communication = Positive communication skills utilized in the couple or family system. This is a facilitating dimension that helps families alter their levels of cohesion and flexibility.

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24
Q

Circumplex Model - Balanced Scales

A

Cohesion & Flexibility

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25
Q

Circumplex Model - Unbalanced (problematic) scales

A

Disengaged, Enmeshed, Rigid, & Chaotic

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26
Q

Communications Therapy

A

One of the earliest and most influential models of family therapy

Gregory Bateson, Don Jackson, and John Haley

Communications theory = content and process

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27
Q

Family Rules

A

Command messages are patterned as rules

rules are essentially redundancies in behavior (e.g. descriptions of regularity not of regulation)

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28
Q

Sequential Interactions

A

Examine the behavioral sequence around the problem (may be predictable or spontaneous)

Therapist creates a new option for behavior sequences

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29
Q

1st & 2nd Order change

A

1st Order Change = Temporary or superficial changes within the system that do not alter the basic structure of the system

2nd Order Change = Change in the basic structure and functioning of a system.

30
Q

Cybernetics

A

a model of how families operate… the study of feedback mechanisms in self-regulating systems… example: “study of machines that regulate themselves”…

feedback loops maintain homeostasis; Cybernetics focuses attention on family rules that govern family’s homeostatic range, negative feedback mechanisms that families use to enforce those rules, sequences of family interaction around a problem , DOESN’T explore hierarchy or structures.

31
Q

Negative Feedback - Cybernetics

A

Mechanism that tells the family system that it is off track and changes must be made

32
Q

Positive Feedback - Cybernetics

A

Used when negative feedback is ineffective

Information that reinforces the direction a system is taking

33
Q

Family Homeostasis

A

Dysfunctional Families have a tendency to resist change

Homeostasis is the process by which a family system self-regulates and maintains its balance

Positive and negative feedback

34
Q

Haley - Family Hierarchy

A

Strategic Family Therapy

The key to family health is clear boundaries and hierarchies

Generational hierarchy (e.g. Father should not be buddies with his son)

35
Q

Strategic Family Therapy

A

John Haley, Milan, and MRI

36
Q

Haley - Strategic Family Therapy

A

Haley’s model of strategic family therapy combine structural and strategic models

Emphasis on interviewing the whole family

37
Q

Haley - Four Stages of Therapy

A

Social Stage: Initial session; involves getting to know one another and becoming comfortable with one another

Problem Stage: Asking each person his or her perspective on the problem, and examining what sort of structural issues the family may have (e.g. triangles)

Interaction Stage: Have family discuss their point of view with one another, and therapist can watch the interactions unfold.

Goal Setting Stage: Getting family to set goals that they can work on and achieve.

38
Q

Haley - Functional View of Problem Maintenance

A

Every behavior has some form of interpersonal payoff

If there is a function to a person’s symptom then the system will continue to perpetuate the symptom

39
Q

Haley - Normal Family development

A

Healthy boundaries and structure within the family system

What is normal for the individual family in their life cycle

40
Q

Haley - Family Pathology

A

Pathology develops as a result of poor boundaries within a family and a weak family structure

41
Q

Haley - Assessment

A

Examine family’s behavior around the problem

Examine family’s structural make up

42
Q

Haley - Therapy

A

Joining

Use of directives (alternative behaviors)

Paradoxical directive

43
Q

Milan - Strategic Family Therapy

A

Focused on the power games that occur within families

Emphasized the multigenerational process

Symptoms served the function of protecting family members

44
Q

Milan - Normal Family Development

A

There is no one way to develop in a normal and healthy fashion

45
Q

Milan - Family Pathology

A

Problems are generally the result of family members attempting to protect one another

These behaviors get out of hand and create problems within the family

46
Q

Milan - Assessment

A

Hypothesis testing about the family

47
Q

Milan - Therapy

A

Circular Questioning: questions are asked to highlight the differences between family members. Designed to help see the other family member’s perspective more easily. An adaptation of Bateson’s double description.

Positive Connotation: Reframing symptoms as having a protective function

48
Q

MRI Group - Strategic Family Therapy

A

Don Jackson

Based on the principles of cybernetics: 1st and 2nd order changes, and feedback loops.

49
Q

MRI Group - Normal Family Development

A

No one model of healthy family development

Focus is on eliminating the problems that families present with

50
Q

MRI Group - Family Pathology

A

Problems are caused by poor solutions to the problem that either keep the status quo or lead to an escalation in feedback.

51
Q

MRI Group - Assessment

A

Define problem in a tangible way

Identify what has lead up to the problem

52
Q

MRI Group - Therapy

A

Discover what signs will indicate that the problem is getting better

Interrupt problem maintaining cycle

53
Q

Structural Family Therapy

A

Salvador Minuchin

Structure: The way a family is organized into subsystems and how those subsystems interact with one another.

Subsystems: The interactions and relationships that exist within the component parts of the larger family system.

Boundaries: Invisible barriers that regulate the interactions amongst subsystems and individuals

54
Q

Boundaries

A

Structural Family Therapy

Severe to protect the separateness of family members.

Flexible and rigid

Too rigid boundaries lead to disengagement (fosters autonomy, but limits emotional engagement)

Too flexible of boundaries leads to enmeshment (chaotic interconnectedness that leads to a loss of autonomy. The family can choose the identity of the family member this way)

55
Q

Minuchin - Normal Family Development

A

Healthy families have flexibility to deal with stress, but structure to have clear and defined boundaries and roles.

Family has a structure that can handle stress

56
Q

Minuchin - Pathological Families

A

Family structure is either to flexible or rigid

weak hierarchies

avoidance of conflict

cross-generational coalitions

57
Q

Minuchin - Therapy

A

Structural changes that allow the family to solve it’s own problems

Create or strengthen the marital dyad

Create healthy boundaries

58
Q

Minuchin - Assessment

A

Enactment

Spontaneous behavioral observation

Structural Mapping: assessment of the family hierarchy, boundaries, subsystems, and the interactions amongst these.

59
Q

Minuchin - Therapeutic Techniques

A

Joining: the therapist joins the family system and accommodates to their way of behaving so as to gain leverage to restructure the system.

Enactments: May happen naturally, or the therapist may ask family members to enact a problem so that the therapist can watch and analyze the interaction. The therapist defines and recognizes the problem, then directs the enactment (e.g. “discuss that with him”), then the therapist guides the members to modify the enactment.

Modifying Interactions: Requires highlighting problematic exchanges and behaviors and coaching family members on how to adjust accordingly.

Shaping Competence: Highlighting and reinforcing positive behavior and strategies that are already in existence.

Boundary Making: Strengthening boundaries is accomplished by observing interactions and coaching members to alter their interactions.

Unbalancing: If there is triangulation against one member of the family, the therapist joins that member to balance out the conflict.

60
Q

Minuchin - Restructuring

A

Active maneuvers that are designed to disrupt dysfunctional structural patterns and ways of relating

Joining, Enactment, Structural Mapping, Highlighting and modifying interactions, Boundary Making, Unbalancing, and Challenging unproductive assumptions are all interventions that work to re-structure a family system.

61
Q

Schizophrenogenic

A

Early research on schizophrenic families found the mothers to often be domineering women. Thus it was theorized that their behavior led to schizophrenia in their children.

This has long since been rejected

62
Q

Early Research on Schizophrenia

A

Research on Schizophrenic families was key in the development of family therapy (see Bateson)

Familial influences on schizophrenia had been theorized as early as Freud

Gregory Bateson and the Palo Alto Group

63
Q

General Systems Theory

A

Ludwig Von Bertalanffy

Every system is a subsystem in a larger subsystem

A system is more than the sum of its’ parts

Open systems continually interact with their environment gaining energy and resources

64
Q

Equifinality - General Systems Theory

A

Living organisms are not like machines as they are able to reach a final goal

Homeostasis

65
Q

Psuedohostilty - Psychoanalytic Family Therapy

A

A fear of intimacy and closeness generates persistent bickering and pseudo hostility

obscures alignments and splits

also blurs intimacy and affection; distorts communication and impairs rational thinking about relationships

66
Q

Pseudomutuality - Psychoanalytic Family Therapy

A

A facade of togetherness

No room for separate identities or divergent self-interests

Cannot tolerate deeper more honest relationships

caused by a shared fear and avoidance of familial conflict

67
Q

Experiential Family Therapy

A

Virginia Satir and Carl Whitaker

The root cause of family problems is emotional suppression

The goal of family therapy is to uncover the suppressed emotions

68
Q

EFT - Normal Family Development

A

People are healthy and self-actualizing on their own and thus families are as well

Healthy families encourage emotional expression

Social pressure is what hinders this

69
Q

EFT - Family Pathology

A

Denial of impulses and Emotions

Family Myth: distorted beliefs about the past that shape a family’s values and beliefs

Mystification: Distorting an experience by denying it or relabeling it

70
Q

EFT - Conditions for change

A

Therapists are alternately warm and provocative to create change

Existential Encounter: being genuine as a therapist in the room

71
Q

EFT - Therapeutic Techniques

A

Expressive techniques (art, role playing, drawings, etc…)

Family Sculpting: one family member arranges the others in a tableau (a graphic means of portraying each person’s perceptions of the family and his or her place in it)

72
Q

EFT - Modern additions

A

Emotion focused couples therapy: Uncovers hurt beneath defensive expressions of anger and withdrawal. Helps couples understand how this plays out in their relationship. Attachment theory perspective

Internal Family Systems: Family members often project internal conflict on to the external canvas of the family

Family Therapy (1 decks)

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