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Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bateson Studied what type of families

A

Those with a Schizophrenic member

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2
Q

Palo Alto Project Members

A

Gregory Bateson, Don Jackson, John Haley

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3
Q

Difference between Report and Command communication

A

Palo Alto Group

Report = content (such as family rules)
Command = metacommunication
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4
Q

Double Bind

A

Palo Alto Group - Bateson

Two related but contradictory statements
Conflict between report and command functions in communication

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5
Q

Family Homeostatic Model

A

Palo Alto Group - Bateson & Cybernetics

Families maintain homeostasis through feedback mechanisms

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6
Q

Two main discoveries made by Bateson

A

Multiple levels of communication

Destructive patterns of relating are maintained by self-regulating interactions of the family group

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7
Q

Murray Bowen

A

Started his career as a psychiatrist who studied schizophrenia

Major early interests included mother-child symbiosis

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8
Q

Differentiation of Self

A

Bowen

Occurs when one can detriangualte one’s self

Resolve emotional conflict with family of origin

characterized by an ability to think and reflect as opposed to making automatic reactions

Roughly analogous to ego strength

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9
Q

Triangles

A

Bowen

Developed while working at NIMH with schizophrenics

People often bring in a third party to solve the problems within a dyad, as this diffuses emotional tension

People who get pulled into triangles are often less differentiated

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10
Q

Who was one of the first to try family therapy

A

Bowen in 1955

also one of the first to view families as the unit of dysfunction

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11
Q

Network Family Therapy

A

Bowen

Multiple families & Extended family in group therapy setting

Didn’t work as families would often battle for attention and talking time

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12
Q

Single Family Therapy

A

Bowen

Centered around a balance of togetherness and individuality

Forced family members to talk with one another so as to avoid being pulled into the family’s undifferentiated Ego Mass

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13
Q

Genograms

A

Bowen

used to highlight and examine relational disturbances and how they have traveled down through generations.

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14
Q

Family Projection Process

A

Bowen

The process by which parents transmit their lack of differentiation to their children

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15
Q

Multigenerational Transmission Process

A

Bowen

Family’s emotional process across multiple generations

Caused by a lack of differentiation from one’s family of origin or Fusion.
Lack of differentiation often causes emotional reactivity or emotional cut offs
This unhealthy lack of differentiation causes the individual to suffer from problems in the next family. Common problems include: emotional distancing, physical and emotional dysfunction, marital conflict, projection onto the children.

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16
Q

Sibling Position

A

Bowen

Theorized that children develop a personality in a fixed manner according to their sibling position

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17
Q

Emotional Cut Off

A

Bowen

Flight from unresolved family emotional attachment

used to manage intergenerational anxiety

usually more present with higher level of emotional fusion

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18
Q

Bowen - Normal Family Development

A

Individuals are well differentiated

low anxiety

Good emotional contact amongst family members

Family members can distinguish between thinking and feeling

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19
Q

Bowen - Family Pathology

A

Stress exceeds the family’s ability to cope with it

Emotional fusion is the core of family dysfunction

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20
Q

Bowen - Goals of Therapy

A

Decrease anxiety and increase differentiation

Provide insight into the family of origin

Examine both Process and Structure
Process = Emotional reactions
Structure = Relationships and Triangles

Modify the marital/executive dyad to influence the rest of the family

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21
Q

Bowen - Assessment

A

Genogram

Motivation and knowledge of family of origin are keys to success

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22
Q

Bowen - Therapy Techniques

A

Process Questions

Relationship experiments

Taking the I position (owning your feelings and behaviors)

Displacement stories

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23
Q

Circumplex Model

A

Cohesion = Emotional bonding that families have toward one another

Flexibility = Quality and expression of leadership and organization, role relationships, and relationship rules and negotiations.

Communication = Positive communication skills utilized in the couple or family system. This is a facilitating dimension that helps families alter their levels of cohesion and flexibility.

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24
Q

Circumplex Model - Balanced Scales

A

Cohesion & Flexibility

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25
Circumplex Model - Unbalanced (problematic) scales
Disengaged, Enmeshed, Rigid, & Chaotic
26
Communications Therapy
One of the earliest and most influential models of family therapy Gregory Bateson, Don Jackson, and John Haley Communications theory = content and process
27
Family Rules
Command messages are patterned as rules rules are essentially redundancies in behavior (e.g. descriptions of regularity not of regulation)
28
Sequential Interactions
Examine the behavioral sequence around the problem (may be predictable or spontaneous) Therapist creates a new option for behavior sequences
29
1st & 2nd Order change
1st Order Change = Temporary or superficial changes within the system that do not alter the basic structure of the system 2nd Order Change = Change in the basic structure and functioning of a system.
30
Cybernetics
a model of how families operate… the study of feedback mechanisms in self-regulating systems… example: “study of machines that regulate themselves”... feedback loops maintain homeostasis; Cybernetics focuses attention on family rules that govern family’s homeostatic range, negative feedback mechanisms that families use to enforce those rules, sequences of family interaction around a problem , DOESN’T explore hierarchy or structures.
31
Negative Feedback - Cybernetics
Mechanism that tells the family system that it is off track and changes must be made
32
Positive Feedback - Cybernetics
Used when negative feedback is ineffective Information that reinforces the direction a system is taking
33
Family Homeostasis
Dysfunctional Families have a tendency to resist change Homeostasis is the process by which a family system self-regulates and maintains its balance Positive and negative feedback
34
Haley - Family Hierarchy
Strategic Family Therapy The key to family health is clear boundaries and hierarchies Generational hierarchy (e.g. Father should not be buddies with his son)
35
Strategic Family Therapy
John Haley, Milan, and MRI
36
Haley - Strategic Family Therapy
Haley's model of strategic family therapy combine structural and strategic models Emphasis on interviewing the whole family
37
Haley - Four Stages of Therapy
Social Stage: Initial session; involves getting to know one another and becoming comfortable with one another Problem Stage: Asking each person his or her perspective on the problem, and examining what sort of structural issues the family may have (e.g. triangles) Interaction Stage: Have family discuss their point of view with one another, and therapist can watch the interactions unfold. Goal Setting Stage: Getting family to set goals that they can work on and achieve.
38
Haley - Functional View of Problem Maintenance
Every behavior has some form of interpersonal payoff If there is a function to a person's symptom then the system will continue to perpetuate the symptom
39
Haley - Normal Family development
Healthy boundaries and structure within the family system What is normal for the individual family in their life cycle
40
Haley - Family Pathology
Pathology develops as a result of poor boundaries within a family and a weak family structure
41
Haley - Assessment
Examine family's behavior around the problem Examine family's structural make up
42
Haley - Therapy
Joining Use of directives (alternative behaviors) Paradoxical directive
43
Milan - Strategic Family Therapy
Focused on the power games that occur within families Emphasized the multigenerational process Symptoms served the function of protecting family members
44
Milan - Normal Family Development
There is no one way to develop in a normal and healthy fashion
45
Milan - Family Pathology
Problems are generally the result of family members attempting to protect one another These behaviors get out of hand and create problems within the family
46
Milan - Assessment
Hypothesis testing about the family
47
Milan - Therapy
Circular Questioning: questions are asked to highlight the differences between family members. Designed to help see the other family member's perspective more easily. An adaptation of Bateson's double description. Positive Connotation: Reframing symptoms as having a protective function
48
MRI Group - Strategic Family Therapy
Don Jackson Based on the principles of cybernetics: 1st and 2nd order changes, and feedback loops.
49
MRI Group - Normal Family Development
No one model of healthy family development Focus is on eliminating the problems that families present with
50
MRI Group - Family Pathology
Problems are caused by poor solutions to the problem that either keep the status quo or lead to an escalation in feedback.
51
MRI Group - Assessment
# Define problem in a tangible way Identify what has lead up to the problem
52
MRI Group - Therapy
Discover what signs will indicate that the problem is getting better Interrupt problem maintaining cycle
53
Structural Family Therapy
Salvador Minuchin Structure: The way a family is organized into subsystems and how those subsystems interact with one another. Subsystems: The interactions and relationships that exist within the component parts of the larger family system. Boundaries: Invisible barriers that regulate the interactions amongst subsystems and individuals
54
Boundaries
Structural Family Therapy Severe to protect the separateness of family members. Flexible and rigid Too rigid boundaries lead to disengagement (fosters autonomy, but limits emotional engagement) Too flexible of boundaries leads to enmeshment (chaotic interconnectedness that leads to a loss of autonomy. The family can choose the identity of the family member this way)
55
Minuchin - Normal Family Development
Healthy families have flexibility to deal with stress, but structure to have clear and defined boundaries and roles. Family has a structure that can handle stress
56
Minuchin - Pathological Families
Family structure is either to flexible or rigid weak hierarchies avoidance of conflict cross-generational coalitions
57
Minuchin - Therapy
Structural changes that allow the family to solve it's own problems Create or strengthen the marital dyad Create healthy boundaries
58
Minuchin - Assessment
Enactment Spontaneous behavioral observation Structural Mapping: assessment of the family hierarchy, boundaries, subsystems, and the interactions amongst these.
59
Minuchin - Therapeutic Techniques
Joining: the therapist joins the family system and accommodates to their way of behaving so as to gain leverage to restructure the system. Enactments: May happen naturally, or the therapist may ask family members to enact a problem so that the therapist can watch and analyze the interaction. The therapist defines and recognizes the problem, then directs the enactment (e.g. “discuss that with him”), then the therapist guides the members to modify the enactment. Modifying Interactions: Requires highlighting problematic exchanges and behaviors and coaching family members on how to adjust accordingly. Shaping Competence: Highlighting and reinforcing positive behavior and strategies that are already in existence. Boundary Making: Strengthening boundaries is accomplished by observing interactions and coaching members to alter their interactions. Unbalancing: If there is triangulation against one member of the family, the therapist joins that member to balance out the conflict.
60
Minuchin - Restructuring
Active maneuvers that are designed to disrupt dysfunctional structural patterns and ways of relating Joining, Enactment, Structural Mapping, Highlighting and modifying interactions, Boundary Making, Unbalancing, and Challenging unproductive assumptions are all interventions that work to re-structure a family system.
61
Schizophrenogenic
Early research on schizophrenic families found the mothers to often be domineering women. Thus it was theorized that their behavior led to schizophrenia in their children. This has long since been rejected
62
Early Research on Schizophrenia
Research on Schizophrenic families was key in the development of family therapy (see Bateson) Familial influences on schizophrenia had been theorized as early as Freud Gregory Bateson and the Palo Alto Group
63
General Systems Theory
Ludwig Von Bertalanffy Every system is a subsystem in a larger subsystem A system is more than the sum of its' parts Open systems continually interact with their environment gaining energy and resources
64
Equifinality - General Systems Theory
Living organisms are not like machines as they are able to reach a final goal Homeostasis
65
Psuedohostilty - Psychoanalytic Family Therapy
A fear of intimacy and closeness generates persistent bickering and pseudo hostility obscures alignments and splits also blurs intimacy and affection; distorts communication and impairs rational thinking about relationships
66
Pseudomutuality - Psychoanalytic Family Therapy
A facade of togetherness No room for separate identities or divergent self-interests Cannot tolerate deeper more honest relationships caused by a shared fear and avoidance of familial conflict
67
Experiential Family Therapy
Virginia Satir and Carl Whitaker The root cause of family problems is emotional suppression The goal of family therapy is to uncover the suppressed emotions
68
EFT - Normal Family Development
People are healthy and self-actualizing on their own and thus families are as well Healthy families encourage emotional expression Social pressure is what hinders this
69
EFT - Family Pathology
Denial of impulses and Emotions Family Myth: distorted beliefs about the past that shape a family's values and beliefs Mystification: Distorting an experience by denying it or relabeling it
70
EFT - Conditions for change
Therapists are alternately warm and provocative to create change Existential Encounter: being genuine as a therapist in the room
71
EFT - Therapeutic Techniques
Expressive techniques (art, role playing, drawings, etc...) Family Sculpting: one family member arranges the others in a tableau (a graphic means of portraying each person’s perceptions of the family and his or her place in it)
72
EFT - Modern additions
Emotion focused couples therapy: Uncovers hurt beneath defensive expressions of anger and withdrawal. Helps couples understand how this plays out in their relationship. Attachment theory perspective Internal Family Systems: Family members often project internal conflict on to the external canvas of the family

Family Therapy (1 decks)

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