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Air Pollution/abatement SSFC Test 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

True or false

Any new modifications to factories/industrial processors require a new ECA/CofA

A

True

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1
Q

The first air pollution regulation

A

Reg 308

Later replaced by Reg 419

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2
Q

Natural sources of pollutants

A 
Wind blown dust
Volcanic ash and gases
Ozone (lightning)
Esters/turpenes from vegetation
Smoke/gases from forest fires
Pollens
Gases from decomp
Natural radioactivity
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3
Q

True or false

Esters and turpenes are examples of aromatic hydrocarbons

A

True

Eg smoky mountains

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4
Q

Five main classes of pollutants

A 
Particulates
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides
Sulphur oxides
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5
Q

Acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are all examples of…

A

Man-made pollution

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6
Q

3 forms of air-contaminating processes

A

Combustion
Vaporization
Mechanical attrition

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7
Q

Generating heat and electrical energy from the use of fossil fuels and waste materials for warmth, metal melting, food processing, incineration, motive power

A

Combustion

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8
Q

Combustion pollution can be reduced by…

A 
Better engineering (using more O2)
Burning cleaner fuels
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9
Q

The 3 Ts of combustion

A

Time
Temperature
Turbulence

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10
Q

Inducing physical changes in substances through the application of heat and pressure, causing component material to become airborne and emit into atmosphere

A

Vaporization

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11
Q

True or false

Fuming occurs at normal atmospheric temperature and pressure

A

False

Fuming is a result of induced temperatures… Commonly metals, metal oxides, chlorides. Fumes often contain solids like ash, carbon and gases (eg sulphur dioxide)

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12
Q

True or false

Petroleum derivatives have high vapour pressures and will evaporate within normal atmospheric temperature ranges.

A

True

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13
Q

Evaporation and fumigation

A

Vaporization

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14
Q

The decomposition of organic materials is an example of what contaminating proccess?

A

Vaporization

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15
Q

Mechanical attrition

A

Crushing, grinding, demolishing, eg. And directly/indirectly dispersing particulates like dusts and mists into the atmosphere

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16
Q

__________ may contain contaminants in solution or suspension

A

Mist droplets

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17
Q

Contaminating substances causing air pollution are summarized into 3 states

A

Aerosols/particulates
Organic gases
Inorganic gases

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18
Q

Larger than a single molecule, but smaller than 500 micrometers in diameter

A

A particle

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19
Q

A particle that ranges between 10 micrometers to less than .01 micrometer

A

An aerosol

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20
Q

True or false

Most aerosols are considered to be less than one micrometer in diameter

A

True

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21
Q

Size of a raindrop

A

400-5000 micrometers

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22
Q

Size of a fog droplet

A

5-60 micrometers

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23
Q

Size of bacteria

A

1-25 micrometers

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24
Q

Size of a virus

A

.01-.1 micrometers

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25
Q

Barely visible to the naked eye

A

Particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter

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26
Q

Particulates are responsible for 2 basic types of air pollution problems

A

Deposition

Adhesion

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27
Q

The difference between deposition and adhesion

A

Deposition-particulates causing corrosion, damage to property, injury to vegetation

Adhesion- particulates adhering to respiratory tissue

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28
Q

Visible emissions offenses

A

20% opacity at a certain length of time

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29
Q

Unburned carbonaceous particulates around 1 micrometer consisting of soot, fly-ash and other solids/liquids

A

Smoke

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30
Q

The gaseous phase of a substance which at ambient temperature and pressure is a liquid or solid

A

Vapour

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31
Q

Solid particles that are generally more than 1 micrometer

A

Dust

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32
Q

Liquid particles up to 100 micrometers

A

Mist

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33
Q

A non-coherent state of aggregated matter

A

A gas

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34
Q

Consisting entirely of compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon and their derivatives, including paraffins, olefins, aromatics

A

Organic gases

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35
Q

A group of unsaturated hydrocarbons that may affect plant growth, but have no effect on life. Take part in photochemical reactions with nitrogen oxides

A

Olefins

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36
Q

Incomplete combustion causing compounds known to be carcinogenic, like benzpyrene

A

Aromatics

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37
Q

Results from solvent usage

-includes aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and organic acids

A

Hydrocarbon derivatives

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38
Q

Oxides of nitrogen, sulphur and carbon monoxide

A

Inorganic gases

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39
Q

Occupies 78 percent of the atmosphere and is non reactive at ambient temp and pressure

A

Nitrogen

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40
Q

2 contaminating oxides of nitrogen

A

Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide

41
Q

A combination of nitrogen and oxygen from air in a heated environment create what

A

NO

Nitric oxide

42
Q

A toxic, yellow-brown, odorous gas formed through the combination of nitric oxide and oxygen

A

Nitrogen dioxide

43
Q

Can produce lung injury like oedema

A

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

44
Q

_______ forms with rain drops/water vapour to form HNO3, contributing to acid rain

A

Nitrogen dioxide

45
Q

Sulphur dioxide and and sulphur trioxide (SO2 and SO3)

A

Oxides of sulphur

46
Q

Sulphur dioxide may cause:

A 
Damage to vegetation
Irritation to the eyes
Respiratory paralysis
Oedema
Death
47
Q

Very toxic inorganic gas that is water insoluble and results from incomplete combustion

A

CO

Carbon monoxide

48
Q

Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and flourine are all examples of what

A

Miscellaneous organic gases

49
Q

Two categories of air pollution resulting from liquid particulates

A

Stains (permanent damage)

Spots (removable)

50
Q

In excess of one micrometer

A

Solid particles

51
Q

3 most important acid mists

A

Chronic acid
Sulphuric Acid
Hydroflouric acid

52
Q

Readily fumes and is capable of severely attacking skin, vegetables and flowers. Used in insecticides and laundry products

A

Hydroflouric acid

53
Q

Principle caustics

A

Sodium carbonate

Sodium hydroxide

54
Q

Used as an economical alkali in many industrial processes

A

Sodium carbonate

Soda ash

55
Q

Strongly alkaline, very soluble and attacks the skin. Used in petroleum industry and for etching

A

Sodium hydroxide

56
Q

Chemicals that significantly partition into more than one medium

A

Multimedia pollutants

57
Q

Threshold mechanism

A

When a critical quantity of contaminant is presented to a receptor

58
Q

Non-threshold mechanisms

A

Wen even one molecule has the potential for interactions leading to adverse effects

59
Q

Effects of inhaling nitric acid

A

Deep lung damage-possible death

60
Q

T or F

PAHs can react with DNA and genetic material

A

True

61
Q

Two methods of the health criterion

A

Protection factor approach

Virtually safe Dose (VSD)

62
Q

LOEL

A

Least observable effects limit

63
Q

Particles that do not stay suspended in the air and tend to fall out near source of emission. Usually larger than 10-20 micrometers

A

Dustfall

64
Q

3 methods of particulate matter sampling

A

Gravity/sedimentation devices
Filtration devices
Inertial devices

65
Q

Dustfall jars typically have a diameter of ______cm and are ___cm deep

A

15.2 cm

Cross sectional area of 181 cm2

66
Q

Dustfall measurements are reported in….

A

Grams per metre squared per 30 days

67
Q

Aerosols falling in still air is proportional to the square of the diameter. (Stokes law)

A

50 micrometers = 7.50 cm/s
20 micrometers = 1.38 cm/s
10 micrometers = 0.30 cm/s

68
Q

Many aerosols are less than ___ micrometer.

A

Less than 1 micrometer

69
Q

The 2 most common methods for sampling aerosols in Ontario

A

High-volume sampler

Low-volume sampler

70
Q

A low volume sampler is also called…

A

A coefficient of haze sampler

71
Q

What is the flow rate of a low-vol samer?

A

6.5 liters per minute

72
Q

The filter in a low vol sampler

A

3 whatman paper

Deposits on paper from a spot stain which can be evaluated by measuring the reduction of light transmitted trough the soiled paper vs the clean paper

73
Q

A low volume sampler is expressed in what units?

A

Coefficient of haze per 305 meters (Coh/305m)

74
Q

What is the typical size of particulate collected from a low vol sampler?

A

Smaller than 10 micrometers (small enough to be inhaled during collection)

75
Q

A ____ is an aggregate of matter in a non coherent state

A

Gas

76
Q

2 requirements essential for accurate results when sampling gases

A

The volume of air MUST be measured

Collection/analysis efficiency must be known

77
Q

Three types of gas sampling

A

Sampling without suction/with deposition
Sampling with suction/ without deposition
Sampling with both suction and deposition

78
Q

Absorption

A

The penetration of molecules into a solid or liquid matrix

79
Q

Adsorption

A

Gaseous particles are removed from air stream by a solid adsorbent that attracts, concentrates and retains pollutant

80
Q

Acute vs chronic

A

Acute=short term high concentrations of a pollutant

Chronic=long term exposure to variable concentrations

81
Q

White bean, tomato and tobacco crops are indicators of….

A

Photochemical oxidants

82
Q

The two main photo toxic oxidants

A

Ozone

Peroxyacetyl nitrate

83
Q

The air pollution cycle

A

The release of pollutants at source
The transport and diffusion in the atmosphere
The reception of pollutants (by people, vegetation, animals, etc)

84
Q

The movement and dispersion of pollutants from sources are influenced by ______

A

The wind and atmospheric stability

85
Q

True or false

Rainfall washes away pollutants from the atmosphere

A

True

86
Q

_______ produces photochemical reactions of pollutants that form smog

A

Sunshine

87
Q

Most important meteorological factors affectingovent of pollutants

A

Wind direction/speed
Turbulence
Temperature
Atmospheric stability

88
Q

________ impacts dilution

A

Wind speed

89
Q

An unstable atmospheric. Pressure is better for movement

True or false

A

True

90
Q

What is adiabatic lapse rate?

A

For every 100m in elevation there is a change in temperature of 1 degree

91
Q

The most problematic plume

A

Fumigation plume

92
Q

Types of plumes

A 
Looping - unstable
Fanning - stable
Coning - neutral 
Lifting - inversion
Fumigation - inversion
93
Q

Looping occurs when

A

With a super adiabatic lapse rate

94
Q

Coning occurs when

A

When the vertical temperature gradient is near the dry adiabatic. Profile

95
Q

If the temperature increases upward, the air is stable and vertical turbulence is suppressed, creating horizontal mixing

A

Fanning

96
Q

A super adiabatic layer above the surface inversion creates downward diffusion that cannot penetrate through the inversion, and damps out

A

Lofting

97
Q

Increased solar heating and a super adiabatic lapse rate occurs through a deep layer, reaching the fanning plume. High concentrations reach the ground

A

Fumigation

98
Q

When an inversion in temperature occurs and traps a plume beneath it

A

Frontal trapping

99
Q

Regulation stating that the maximum amount of allowable sediment cannot exceed 7g/m2 over 30 days

A

Reg 337

Air Pollution/abatement SSFC Test 1 (1 decks)

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