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AP2 test 1 > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary

A

Attached to the diencephalon in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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2
Q

What is another name for the pituitary

A

Hypophysis

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3
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis

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4
Q

What hormones are found in the anterior pituitary

A

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

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5
Q

What does GH stand for

A

Growth hormone

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6
Q

What does GH do

A

Causes movement of amino acids into cells

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7
Q

Whats another name for GH

A

Somatotropin (STH)

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8
Q

What does TSH stand for

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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9
Q

What is another name for TSH

A

thyrotropin

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10
Q

What does TSH do

A

stimulates the thyroid gland which stimulate thyroxine (T4)

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11
Q

What does ACTH stand for

A

Adenocorticotropic hormone

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12
Q

What is another name for ACTH

A

corticotropin

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13
Q

What does ACTH do

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex which stimulate glycocorticoids

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14
Q

What does FSH stand for

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

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15
Q

What is another name for FSH

A

Folliculin

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16
Q

What does FSH do

A

Growth and secretion by ovary follicles and production of sperm

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17
Q

What does LH stand for

A

Luteinizing hormone

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18
Q

What is another name for LH

A

Luteotropin

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19
Q

What does LH do

A

Stimulates ovulation or corpus luteum and male sex hormones (testosterone)

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20
Q

Where does LH affect males and what is the name for this

A

The interstitial cells of testes. Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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21
Q

What does PRL stand for

A

Prolactin

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22
Q

What is another name for PRL

A

Luteotropic Hormone

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23
Q

what does PRL do

A

Stimulate mammary glands for milk production

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24
Q

What does trophic mean

A

hormones seen to influence other endocrine glands. seen in anterior pituitary hormones

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25
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus create that influence the anterior pituitary

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH, GHRH, PIH, Somatostatin

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26
Q

What is unique between the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

Anterior makes its own hormones, posterior stores hormones from hypothalamus

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27
Q

What does TRH stand for

A

Thyroid releasing hormone

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28
Q

What does TRH do

A

promotes secretion of TSH and PRL

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29
Q

What does CRH stand for

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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30
Q

What does CRH do

A

Promote secretion of ACTH

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31
Q

What does GnRH stand for

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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32
Q

What does GnRH do

A

Promote secretion of FSH and LH

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33
Q

What does GHRH stand for

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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34
Q

What does GHRH do

A

Promote secretion of GH

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35
Q

What does PIH stand for

A

Prolactin-Inhibiting hormone

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36
Q

What for PIH do

A

Inhibits secretion of PRL

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37
Q

What does somatostatin do

A

Inhibits secretion of GH and TSH

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38
Q

What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin

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39
Q

What does ADH stand for

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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40
Q

What does ADH do

A

water retention by kidneys, increase blood volume, vasoconstriction

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41
Q

What is another name for ADH

A

Vasopressin

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42
Q

Where does ADH come from

A

Supraoptic nuclei

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43
Q

Where does oxytocin come from

A

Paraventricular nuclei

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44
Q

What does oxytocin do

A

Stimulate uterine contractions (labor/birth) and cause milk ejection and reflex from mammary glands

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45
Q

What is the synthetic version of oxytocin called

A

pitocin

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46
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary

A

Portal Blood vessels

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47
Q

How do hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the posterior pituitary

A

HH tract

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48
Q

What does HH tract stand for

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

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49
Q

What is found in the par intermedia

A

MSH and beta-endorphines

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50
Q

What does MSH

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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51
Q

Where is the pineal gland

A

diencephalon epithalamus

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52
Q

What does the pineal gland do

A

Produce serotonin at day and melatonin at night

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53
Q

Is the pineal gland larger in children or in adults and at what age does it change

A

Larger in children, regression at age 7

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54
Q

What is another name for a gland the regresses

A

involution

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55
Q

What are melatonin-mood disorders

A

SAD and PMS

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56
Q

What is SAD

A

Seasonal affective disorder

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57
Q

what is increased or decreased in SAD

A

Increased melatonin

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58
Q

What is PMS

A

Premenstrual syndrome

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59
Q

What is increased or decreased in PMS

A

increase melatonin

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60
Q

What is phototherapy

A

use light to decrease melatonin

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61
Q

what is used for jet lag and why

A

Melatonin to aid sleeping

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62
Q

Where is the thymus

A

superior to the heart

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63
Q

Does it increase or decrease over time and at what point

A

decrease after puberty

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64
Q

what does the thymus do

A

Secretes thymopoietin and thymosins, produce t lymphocytes (t cells) and cell mediated immunity

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65
Q

Where is the thyroid

A

inferior to the larynx

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66
Q

what does the Thyroid produce

A

T3, T4 and calcitonin

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67
Q

Where are T3 and T4 hormones made

A

Principle or follicular cell of thyroid follicle

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68
Q

Where is calcitonin made

A

parafollicular cells or c cells

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69
Q

what is another name for T4

A

Thyroxine

70
Q

What do T3 and T4 do

A

Stimulate protein synthesis, maturation of nervous system during development, basal metabolic rate

71
Q

Where are the adrenal glands

A

Superior to the kidneys

72
Q

What is the outer shell called of the adrenal glands

A

adrenal cortex

73
Q

what is the inner part of the adrenal glands called

A

medulla

74
Q

What is made in the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

75
Q

From what cells are epinephrine and norepinephrine made

A

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

76
Q

What category are epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

catecholamines

77
Q

What does epinephrine do

A

increase cardiac output, heart rate, respiratory rate, metabolic rate and dilates coronary blood vessels

78
Q

how many zones are in the adrenal cortex

A

3

79
Q

what are made in the adrenal cortex

A

corticosteroids

80
Q

What is the outer zone of the adrenal cortex called

A

zona glomerulosa

81
Q

what is made in the zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocoricoids-aldosterone

82
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Electrolyte regulation

83
Q

What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex called

A

zona fasciculata

84
Q

what is made in the zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids-cortisol

85
Q

what does cortisol do

A

regulate glucose metabolism

86
Q

what is the inner zone of the adrenal cortex called

A

zona reticularis

87
Q

what does the zona reticular is produce

A

sex steroids-androgen and some estrogen

88
Q

where is the parathyroid

A

posterior region of lateral lobes of the thyroid, two superior, two inferior

89
Q

what two cells are seen in the parathyroid

A

chief cells and oxyohil cells

90
Q

what does chief cells do

A

produce PTH

91
Q

what do oxyohil cells do

A

support

92
Q

What is PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

93
Q

What does PTH do

A

raise blood calcium levels

94
Q

What does PTH target

A

Bones, Kidneys and intestine

95
Q

How does PTH affect bones

A

Stimualtes osteoclasts to release calcium

96
Q

how does PTH affect the kidneys

A

cause them to retain calcium

97
Q

how does PTH affect the intestines

A

Causes them to absorb calcium

98
Q

True or false: pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine

A

true

99
Q

What area of the pancreas contributes to the endocrine system

A

Islet of Langerhans

100
Q

What do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce

A

Glucagon

101
Q

what do the beta cells of the pancreas produce

A

insulin

102
Q

what happens when blood glucose is low

A

glucagon is released and goes to the liver where glycogen is converted into glucose

103
Q

what does insulin do to blood glucose levels and how

A

lowers by helping glucose enter the cell

104
Q

What is the term for low blood sugar

A

hypoglycemia

105
Q

what is the term for high blood sugar

A

hyperglycemia

106
Q

what hormone causes hypoglycemia

A

insulin

107
Q

what hormones cause hyperglycemia

A

glucagon, GH, E, NE, cortisol, corticosteroids

108
Q

What are other endocrine glands

A

Heart, Liver, Kidneys, Stomach, Small Intestine, Placenta, Gonads

109
Q

How is the heart an endocrine gland

A

its atrial cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which causes sodium to be excreted and increased urine output to lower blood pressure

110
Q

How is the liver an endocrine gland

A

secretes angiotensinogen and erythropoietin

111
Q

What does angiotensinogen do

A

Uses renin to release angiotensin1 then uses ACE to release angiotensin2 which causes vasoconstriction through aldosterone. In the end raises blood pressure

112
Q

how are the kidneys endocrine glands

A

releases erythropoietin and renin

113
Q

How are the stomach and small intestine endocrine glands

A

release enteroendocrine cells

114
Q

How is the placenta an endocrine gland

A

releases estrogen (estradiol, estriol) and progesterone

115
Q

What are the three classes of hormones

A

Steroids, peptides and monoamines

116
Q

Describe steroid hormones

A

made from cholesterol, produced in the gonads (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone) and the adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone)

117
Q

describe peptide hormones

A

most anterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin and ADH, RH, IH

118
Q

Describe monoamines

A

catecholamines (Epinephrine, NE, dopamine) and Thyroid hormone

119
Q

how is T3 made

A

monoiodotyrosine plus diiodotyrosine to make triiodothyronine

120
Q

how is T4 made

A

diiodotyrosine plus diiodotyrosine to make tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine

121
Q

how are steroids and thyroid hormones transported

A

albumin and globulin from liver

122
Q

what happens with hypo anterior pituitary and GH

A

low amounts of GH leads to dwarfism

123
Q

what happens with hyper anterior pituitary and GH

A

high amounts of GH lead to gigantism

124
Q

what happens with hypo-post pituitary

A

lack of ADH leads to diabetes insipidis. causes thirst and excessive urine output

125
Q

what happens with hypothyroidism

A

if from birth leads to dwarfism. if in adult can cause bulging eyes (myxodema)

126
Q

What is goiter

A

pathological enlargement of thyroid

127
Q

what is endemic goiter

A

lack of I2

128
Q

what happens with an adrenal medulla tumor

A

pheochromacytoma

129
Q

what is pheochromacytoma

A

increased epinephrine and norepinephrine, hyperglycemia and glycosuria, overactive sympathetic NS

130
Q

What occurs with a tumor in the adrenal cortex

A

excessive ACTH

131
Q

what happens with excessive ACTH

A

cushing’s syndrome, increased glucocorticoid, increased androgen (female and male parts in one person)

132
Q

what does cortisol do

A

promote the breakdown of fat into glycerol and fatty acids and protein into amino acids. inhibits the uptake of glucose (gluconeogenesis)

133
Q

What happens with over production of cortisol

A

antibody production dropped, leukocytes drop leading to infection. stimulate gastric secretions leading to gastric ulcers, Suppresses estrogen, testosterone, and luteinizing hormones causing disturbance of fertility and sexual function.

134
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

Transportation, Protection, Regulation

135
Q

What does blood transport

A

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrients, metabolic waste (K), hormones, stem cells

136
Q

how does blood protect

A

inflammation, WBC, antibodies, platelets

137
Q

How does blood regulate

A

Fluid, pH, body temp

138
Q

How much blood is in the average sized adult

A

4-6 liters

139
Q

what portion of whole blood is plasma versus formed elements

A

45% elements, 55% plasma

140
Q

What is the term for the formed elements of blood

A

hematocrit

141
Q

What is plasma made up of

A

water, dissolved solute, metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, plasma proteins

142
Q

What are the plasma proteins

A

Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen

143
Q

What is Albumin

A

bulk of plasma, but smallest in size. Produced in the liver, provide osmotic pressure which draws water into capillaries

144
Q

What is Globulin

A

There are alpha and beta, both produced in the liver, transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins. Gamma globulins are antibodies produced by lymphocytes. B cells and immunity

145
Q

What is fibrinogen

A

Produced by the liver. converted to fibrin during clotting

146
Q

what happens when osmoreceptors in the brain are stimulated

A

increased thirst, secretion of ADH, increase in blood volume and blood pressure

147
Q

What is the pH of blood

A

7.45-7.35

148
Q

what is hemopoiesis

A

formation of blood

149
Q

where does hemopoiesis take place

A

myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue (thymus and tonsils)

150
Q

what is another name for stem cells

A

hemocytoblasts

151
Q

what are the formed elements

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

152
Q

what is the lifespan of erythrocytes

A

120 days

153
Q

how are erythrocytes recycled

A

phagocytksed by macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow

154
Q

why is blood colored red

A

hemoglobin

155
Q

how many hemoglobins are contained in one RBC

A

280 million

156
Q

what makes up hemoglobin

A

protein globin and pigment heme

157
Q

what is the purpose of hemoglobin

A

transport oxygen by oxyhemoglobin and CO2 by carbaminohemoglobin

158
Q

what stimulates erythropoiesis

A

low blood oxygen (hypoxemia)

159
Q

what happens when erythropoiesis is stimulated

A

kidney and liver release erythropoietin (EPO). EPO targets red bone marrow

160
Q

Define polycythemia

A

excess number of RBC, increase blood volume, increase blood pressure, increase viscosity

161
Q

define anemia

A

low hemoglobin or RBC

162
Q

Define Pernicious anemia

A

Low amounts of vitamin B12 (needed for RBC production)

163
Q

Define aplastic anemia

A

destruction of bone marrow by chemicals or Xray

164
Q

How does one get Sickle Cell Anemia

A

homozygous recessive

165
Q

What happens in Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Sticky cells, hypoxemia

166
Q

What gives a person its blood type

A

Antigens A, B, O on blood cells

167
Q

what antibodies are seen with A-antigen blood

A

Anti-B antibody

168
Q

What antibodies are seen with B-antigen blood

A

Anti-A antibody

169
Q

What antibodies are seen with AB-antigen blood

A

None

170
Q

What antibodies are seen with O-antigen blood

A

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

171
Q

What happens if someone receives the wrong blood type

A

blood will start to clot

AP2 test 1 (1 decks)

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