test 1 Flashcards
Where is the pituitary
Attached to the diencephalon in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
What is another name for the pituitary
Hypophysis
What is another name for the anterior pituitary
pars distalis
What hormones are found in the anterior pituitary
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
What does GH stand for
Growth hormone
What does GH do
Causes movement of amino acids into cells
Whats another name for GH
Somatotropin (STH)
What does TSH stand for
Thyroid stimulating hormone
What is another name for TSH
thyrotropin
What does TSH do
stimulates the thyroid gland which stimulate thyroxine (T4)
What does ACTH stand for
Adenocorticotropic hormone
What is another name for ACTH
corticotropin
What does ACTH do
Stimulates adrenal cortex which stimulate glycocorticoids
What does FSH stand for
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
What is another name for FSH
Folliculin
What does FSH do
Growth and secretion by ovary follicles and production of sperm
What does LH stand for
Luteinizing hormone
What is another name for LH
Luteotropin
What does LH do
Stimulates ovulation or corpus luteum and male sex hormones (testosterone)
Where does LH affect males and what is the name for this
The interstitial cells of testes. Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
What does PRL stand for
Prolactin
What is another name for PRL
Luteotropic Hormone
what does PRL do
Stimulate mammary glands for milk production
What does trophic mean
hormones seen to influence other endocrine glands. seen in anterior pituitary hormones
What hormones does the hypothalamus create that influence the anterior pituitary
TRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH, GHRH, PIH, Somatostatin
What is unique between the anterior and posterior pituitary
Anterior makes its own hormones, posterior stores hormones from hypothalamus
What does TRH stand for
Thyroid releasing hormone
What does TRH do
promotes secretion of TSH and PRL
What does CRH stand for
Corticotropin releasing hormone
What does CRH do
Promote secretion of ACTH
What does GnRH stand for
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
What does GnRH do
Promote secretion of FSH and LH
What does GHRH stand for
Growth hormone releasing hormone
What does GHRH do
Promote secretion of GH
What does PIH stand for
Prolactin-Inhibiting hormone
What for PIH do
Inhibits secretion of PRL
What does somatostatin do
Inhibits secretion of GH and TSH
What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary
ADH and oxytocin
What does ADH stand for
Antidiuretic hormone
What does ADH do
water retention by kidneys, increase blood volume, vasoconstriction
What is another name for ADH
Vasopressin
Where does ADH come from
Supraoptic nuclei
Where does oxytocin come from
Paraventricular nuclei
What does oxytocin do
Stimulate uterine contractions (labor/birth) and cause milk ejection and reflex from mammary glands
What is the synthetic version of oxytocin called
pitocin
How do hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary
Portal Blood vessels
How do hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the posterior pituitary
HH tract
What does HH tract stand for
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
What is found in the par intermedia
MSH and beta-endorphines
What does MSH
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Where is the pineal gland
diencephalon epithalamus
What does the pineal gland do
Produce serotonin at day and melatonin at night
Is the pineal gland larger in children or in adults and at what age does it change
Larger in children, regression at age 7
What is another name for a gland the regresses
involution
What are melatonin-mood disorders
SAD and PMS
What is SAD
Seasonal affective disorder
what is increased or decreased in SAD
Increased melatonin
What is PMS
Premenstrual syndrome
What is increased or decreased in PMS
increase melatonin
What is phototherapy
use light to decrease melatonin
what is used for jet lag and why
Melatonin to aid sleeping
Where is the thymus
superior to the heart
Does it increase or decrease over time and at what point
decrease after puberty
what does the thymus do
Secretes thymopoietin and thymosins, produce t lymphocytes (t cells) and cell mediated immunity
Where is the thyroid
inferior to the larynx
what does the Thyroid produce
T3, T4 and calcitonin
Where are T3 and T4 hormones made
Principle or follicular cell of thyroid follicle
Where is calcitonin made
parafollicular cells or c cells
what is another name for T4
Thyroxine
What do T3 and T4 do
Stimulate protein synthesis, maturation of nervous system during development, basal metabolic rate
Where are the adrenal glands
Superior to the kidneys
What is the outer shell called of the adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
what is the inner part of the adrenal glands called
medulla
What is made in the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
From what cells are epinephrine and norepinephrine made
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
What category are epinephrine and norepinephrine
catecholamines
What does epinephrine do
increase cardiac output, heart rate, respiratory rate, metabolic rate and dilates coronary blood vessels
how many zones are in the adrenal cortex
3
what are made in the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids
What is the outer zone of the adrenal cortex called
zona glomerulosa
what is made in the zona glomerulosa
mineralocoricoids-aldosterone
What does aldosterone do
Electrolyte regulation
What is the middle zone of the adrenal cortex called
zona fasciculata
what is made in the zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids-cortisol
what does cortisol do
regulate glucose metabolism
what is the inner zone of the adrenal cortex called
zona reticularis
what does the zona reticular is produce
sex steroids-androgen and some estrogen
where is the parathyroid
posterior region of lateral lobes of the thyroid, two superior, two inferior
what two cells are seen in the parathyroid
chief cells and oxyohil cells
what does chief cells do
produce PTH
what do oxyohil cells do
support
What is PTH
Parathyroid hormone
What does PTH do
raise blood calcium levels
What does PTH target
Bones, Kidneys and intestine
How does PTH affect bones
Stimualtes osteoclasts to release calcium
how does PTH affect the kidneys
cause them to retain calcium
how does PTH affect the intestines
Causes them to absorb calcium
True or false: pancreas contains both exocrine and endocrine
true
What area of the pancreas contributes to the endocrine system
Islet of Langerhans
What do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce
Glucagon
what do the beta cells of the pancreas produce
insulin
what happens when blood glucose is low
glucagon is released and goes to the liver where glycogen is converted into glucose
what does insulin do to blood glucose levels and how
lowers by helping glucose enter the cell
What is the term for low blood sugar
hypoglycemia
what is the term for high blood sugar
hyperglycemia
what hormone causes hypoglycemia
insulin
what hormones cause hyperglycemia
glucagon, GH, E, NE, cortisol, corticosteroids
What are other endocrine glands
Heart, Liver, Kidneys, Stomach, Small Intestine, Placenta, Gonads
How is the heart an endocrine gland
its atrial cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) which causes sodium to be excreted and increased urine output to lower blood pressure
How is the liver an endocrine gland
secretes angiotensinogen and erythropoietin
What does angiotensinogen do
Uses renin to release angiotensin1 then uses ACE to release angiotensin2 which causes vasoconstriction through aldosterone. In the end raises blood pressure
how are the kidneys endocrine glands
releases erythropoietin and renin
How are the stomach and small intestine endocrine glands
release enteroendocrine cells
How is the placenta an endocrine gland
releases estrogen (estradiol, estriol) and progesterone
What are the three classes of hormones
Steroids, peptides and monoamines
Describe steroid hormones
made from cholesterol, produced in the gonads (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone) and the adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone)
describe peptide hormones
most anterior pituitary hormones, oxytocin and ADH, RH, IH
Describe monoamines
catecholamines (Epinephrine, NE, dopamine) and Thyroid hormone
how is T3 made
monoiodotyrosine plus diiodotyrosine to make triiodothyronine
how is T4 made
diiodotyrosine plus diiodotyrosine to make tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine
how are steroids and thyroid hormones transported
albumin and globulin from liver
what happens with hypo anterior pituitary and GH
low amounts of GH leads to dwarfism
what happens with hyper anterior pituitary and GH
high amounts of GH lead to gigantism
what happens with hypo-post pituitary
lack of ADH leads to diabetes insipidis. causes thirst and excessive urine output
what happens with hypothyroidism
if from birth leads to dwarfism. if in adult can cause bulging eyes (myxodema)
What is goiter
pathological enlargement of thyroid
what is endemic goiter
lack of I2
what happens with an adrenal medulla tumor
pheochromacytoma
what is pheochromacytoma
increased epinephrine and norepinephrine, hyperglycemia and glycosuria, overactive sympathetic NS
What occurs with a tumor in the adrenal cortex
excessive ACTH
what happens with excessive ACTH
cushing’s syndrome, increased glucocorticoid, increased androgen (female and male parts in one person)
what does cortisol do
promote the breakdown of fat into glycerol and fatty acids and protein into amino acids. inhibits the uptake of glucose (gluconeogenesis)
What happens with over production of cortisol
antibody production dropped, leukocytes drop leading to infection. stimulate gastric secretions leading to gastric ulcers, Suppresses estrogen, testosterone, and luteinizing hormones causing disturbance of fertility and sexual function.
What are the functions of blood
Transportation, Protection, Regulation
What does blood transport
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrients, metabolic waste (K), hormones, stem cells
how does blood protect
inflammation, WBC, antibodies, platelets
How does blood regulate
Fluid, pH, body temp
How much blood is in the average sized adult
4-6 liters
what portion of whole blood is plasma versus formed elements
45% elements, 55% plasma
What is the term for the formed elements of blood
hematocrit
What is plasma made up of
water, dissolved solute, metabolites, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, plasma proteins
What are the plasma proteins
Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen
What is Albumin
bulk of plasma, but smallest in size. Produced in the liver, provide osmotic pressure which draws water into capillaries
What is Globulin
There are alpha and beta, both produced in the liver, transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins. Gamma globulins are antibodies produced by lymphocytes. B cells and immunity
What is fibrinogen
Produced by the liver. converted to fibrin during clotting
what happens when osmoreceptors in the brain are stimulated
increased thirst, secretion of ADH, increase in blood volume and blood pressure
What is the pH of blood
7.45-7.35
what is hemopoiesis
formation of blood
where does hemopoiesis take place
myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue (thymus and tonsils)
what is another name for stem cells
hemocytoblasts
what are the formed elements
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
what is the lifespan of erythrocytes
120 days
how are erythrocytes recycled
phagocytksed by macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow
why is blood colored red
hemoglobin
how many hemoglobins are contained in one RBC
280 million
what makes up hemoglobin
protein globin and pigment heme
what is the purpose of hemoglobin
transport oxygen by oxyhemoglobin and CO2 by carbaminohemoglobin
what stimulates erythropoiesis
low blood oxygen (hypoxemia)
what happens when erythropoiesis is stimulated
kidney and liver release erythropoietin (EPO). EPO targets red bone marrow
Define polycythemia
excess number of RBC, increase blood volume, increase blood pressure, increase viscosity
define anemia
low hemoglobin or RBC
Define Pernicious anemia
Low amounts of vitamin B12 (needed for RBC production)
Define aplastic anemia
destruction of bone marrow by chemicals or Xray
How does one get Sickle Cell Anemia
homozygous recessive
What happens in Sickle Cell Anemia
Sticky cells, hypoxemia
What gives a person its blood type
Antigens A, B, O on blood cells
what antibodies are seen with A-antigen blood
Anti-B antibody
What antibodies are seen with B-antigen blood
Anti-A antibody
What antibodies are seen with AB-antigen blood
None
What antibodies are seen with O-antigen blood
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
What happens if someone receives the wrong blood type
blood will start to clot
