Test 1 Flashcards
information aquisition
data you recieve to make decisions
looking at an MRI or CT scan
criterion (bias)
diff. experinces and views that might bias your decision
signal
thing you are looking for
noise
everything else that might confuse your decsion
external noise
everything in the outside world
internal noise
you - everything to doing with you
hit
correct diagnosis or assesment of something being there
miss
false negative
no diagnosis but the the thing is present
false alarm
false positive
fasle diagnosis as nothing is there
correct rejection
no diagnosis and nothing is there
what would make a better doctor
one with higher false alrams than misses
less lasting damage
sensitivity
looking at everything possible so may pick up some noise = more false positives
specificity
really careful about what they look at so may miss some signals = more misses
epigenetics
- effcets gene expression
- no chnage to DNA sequence
- quantitative
- localised
mutation
- effects DNA sequnace (A,T,C,G)
- chnages gene function and how proteins are made
- qualitative
- in the germ cells = everywehere
V1
- primary visual
- simple cells
- damage = blindness
- a sinle line angle in a specific location
- small receptive feild
V2
- form discrimination
- complex cells
- same orientation in multiple locations
- large receptive feild
microscopic imaging
ad. - very high spatial resolution of neurons and synapes
lim. - only done post-mortem
EEG/MEG
ad. - very fast (high temporal res), synchrony (multiple brain regions) good spacial
lim. - measure an avg. of millions of nuerons and limitted to cortical regions (superfical)
structural MRI
measures hydrongen
ad. - good res and contrast and can measure structural chnages (lesions)
lim. - temporal res not good on corrolations no info on NT
fMRI
measure Blood O2 level (BOLD)
high brain activity = high o2 level
resting vs active (mostly) or this vs that
ad. spatial res
lim. - temporal res
PET
ad. measure chnages in brain chem and goog spatial res
lim. - expensive and low temporal res
structural
EEG
fMRI
PET
functional
MRI
EM + LM
axon path finding
the optic nerve axon find their way to the tectume by signals emanating from the terminal region
Nerve Groth factor (NGF)
stregnthens axons
a single chnage in an amino acid leads too…
a signle chnage in DNA code
nucleotides =
bases
bases =
ATCG
3 bases =
amino acid
transcription
DNA to RNA
translation
RNA to protein
3 Gs
amino acids
GABA - in/decreases action in post S cell
Glutimate
Glycine
small NT
ine
biogenic amines
dopamine - addictive - motoerfunction, eat, sleep, social
adrenaline
seratonin
small NT
Bulkier NTs
neropeptides
purnies
gases
NT Receptors
more than 1 receptor per NT except for oxytocine which only has 1
functional classes of NT receptors
ionotropic
metobotropic
ionotropic
GABA - influx on Na+ and excititory
Glutimate - Cl+ influx and inhibitory
(fast, direct ion flow)
metobotropic
(slow, involves second messengers like cAMP)
G-proteins that bind to the cell
agonist
increases comms through influx/ increases amount of NT by either opening up receptors or blocking trasnporter
antagonist
reduces comms by blocking recptors and stopping NT from binding
Broca’s Aphasia
poor speech production
left frontal lobe
Wernicke’s Aphasia
poor comprehension
fluent but non-senical speech
left temporal lobe
hemispatial neglect
inability to percive one side of space
attention disorder
affects auditory, somatosensory processes, motor movement
internala dn extrenal attention of the world
strong cues can over come it
right perietal lobe
prosopagnosia
dufficulty recognizing faces
fusiform face area (temporal lobe)
amnesia H.M.
damage= removal of hippocampus
deficits= mostly antrograde amnesia and some retrograde
intact= sort term mem, procedural memory, knowlegde, langugae, identity
hipposcampus forms but does not storm memories
amnesia K.F.
cant store number sequnaces
damage= frontal porietal lobe
STM = impared
LTM = intact
Parkinsons Disease
motor symtoms and lack of new procedural memory
Basal Ganglia
Akinetopsia
inability to percive motion
MT V5 area
ventrical stream damage
vision for conscious perception
cant identify angle but can post
where / what x
Dorsal stream damage
vision for action
can identify angle correctly but cant post
where x what /
apperceptive agnosia
impared perception of objects
intact memory, colour, motion and light
associative agnosia
loss of meanng and knowledge of objects
intact visual perception
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
active during preparation: attentional control
anterior cingulate cortex
during incogruent phase: error monitoring
dissociation
Damage impairs function A but not B; may suggest—but not confirm—functional independence.
double dissociation
opp pattrens of deficitits and preserved abilities
transduction
neural work and physical work
perception
neural wolrd and phys world
action
psyc world and physical world
bottom-up
- data-driven
- no prior knowlege
- no goal
- salience
top-down
- conceptually-driven
- excisting knowledge
- goal driven
synesthesia
a phenomenon
cross model correspondance
s-cone
blue
m-cone
green
L-cone
red
cones
1 cone projects to 1 bipolar cell
less sensitive
high acuity
need more light per cell to activate
rods
many project to 1 bipolar cell
highly sensitive
low acuity
need less light per cell to activate
lateral inhibition
grey dots at the intresection
due to cells fighting for supremiscy
Pariedolia
recognising faces in things without faces
the thatcher illusion
upright faces are processed more rapidly than upside down
DAN
its bilateral: goals
VAN
in the right hemisphere; grabs your attention
factors effecting concolidation
time
repetition
elaboration
emotion
sleeep
semantic dementia
- degeneration of anterior temporal lobe
- loss of conceptual knowledge
classical conditioning
form an association between two stimuli
operant conditioning
rewards and punshements are used to get a desired behvaiour
lateral interpositus nicleus (LIP)
learns the association
red nucleus of midbrain
executes the motor responce
semantics
the meaning of words and parts of words
syntx
- rules dicate how sounds combine to make words
- words combine to make sentances
linguistic universals
- semanticity
- arbitrariness
- displacement
- productivity/Generativity
semanticity
language is made up of symbolic units that combine to express meaning
arbitrariness
no relationship between letters, sounds signs etc.
diff language has diff. symbols
displacement
past resent and future
real and imagionary
productivity and generativity
fixed number of units combine into infinite ways
d’ (d-prime):
A measure of perceptual sensitivity, indicating how well an individual can distinguish between signal and noise. Higher values = better discrimination.
c (criterion):
Reflects decision bias or strategy —whether someone tends to say “yes” or “no” when uncertain. Influenced by factors like expectations or consequences of errors.
ROC Curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic):
Graphs hit rate vs. false alarm rate to illustrate sensitivity.
Corpus Callosum:
A large bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres, enabling interhemispheric communication.
Left Hemisphere:
- Controls motor and sensory functions of the right side
- Dominant for language production (Broca’s area) and comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
- Involved in logical, analytical, and verbal tasks
Right Hemisphere:
- Controls left side of body
- Specializes in spatial awareness, facial recognition, musical ability, and emotional processing
- Split-brain patients:
- Result from surgical severing of the corpus callosum (often for epilepsy treatment)
- Exhibit unique behaviour (e.g., inability to name objects in left visual field)
- Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
Lesions cause cortical blindness; may retain blindsight, i.e., ability to detect motion or emotion without awareness.
V4
Responsible for color perception. Damage causes achromatopsia (color vision loss).
Optic Ataxia
Poor hand-eye coordination
Simultanagnosia
Inability to perceive more than one object at a time
Confounding Variables
Uncontrolled factors that could influence the DV
Demand Characteristics:
Participants’ assumptions about the study that may bias behaviour
Counterbalancing
Technique to prevent order effects in repeated measures designs
Central Executive
Directs attention, integrates info, and manages the other subsystems
Working Memory
Temporary, limited-capacity storage for active processing
Phonological Loop:
Verbal/auditory info (Broca’s area, left parietal)
Visuospatial Sketchpad:
Visual/spatial imagery (right hemisphere)
Episodic Buffer:
Multimodal integration; links to episodic LTM
- Declarative (Explicit)
- Episodic: Personal events; hippocampus-dependent
- Semantic: Facts/concepts; stored in anterior temporal lobe
- Non-Declarative (Implicit):
- Procedural: Motor skills; relies on basal ganglia/striatum
- Classical Conditioning: Emotional/physiological associations; cerebellum and amygdala
Neuronal Structure and Action Potentials
SNAP KIP
- Sodium channels open (Na+ influx) — depolarisation begins
- Neuron becomes positively charged — reaches action potential threshold
- Action potential peaks
- Potassium channels open (K+ efflux)
- K flows out, repolarising the cell
- Internal voltage drops below resting potential — hyperpolarisation
- Pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) restores ion balance to resting state
Resting Potential:
Sodium channels inactivated; no new action potential possible
Absolute Refractory Period:
Sodium channels inactivated; no new action potential possible
Relative Refractory Period:
Action potential possible with stronger input
Presynaptic Neuron
Sends signal via neurotransmitter release
Synaptic Vesicles
Contain neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, GABA)
EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials)
Depolarize membrane; increase likelihood of AP
IPSPs (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials)
yperpolarize; decrease likelihood of AP
FATE
synaptic comms
- Formation: Neurotransmitter synthesis
- Action: Triggered by AP and Ca²⁺ influx
- Transmission: NT crosses synapse
- Elimination: Via reuptake (e.g., serotonin) or enzymatic breakdown (e.g., acetylcholine)
Hebb’s Rule:
“Cells that fire together wire together”
