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Micro Metab > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of Life

A

CHNOPS and Iron

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2
Q

How does reduction/oxidation drive bioenergetics?

A

Can be derived from reductive/ oxidative chemical reactions in the cystol/ membrane gradient like +NAD + 2H –> NADH + H+

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3
Q

When was earth formed and when did life begin

A

4.5 billion years ago earth was formed

4 billion years ago life began

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4
Q

When were Photosynthetic prokaryotes and cyanobacteria formed?

A
  1. 5 billi Photo Pro (Non oxygenic)

2. 8 bill- Photo Cyano(Oxygenic)

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5
Q

When were Aerobic bacteria and unicellular eukarotes formed?

A

2.4 bill- Aerobic bacteria

2 bill-Unicelullar Eukaryotes

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6
Q

When were Multicellular Eukaryotes and plants and animals formed?

A

.8 bil-multicellular eukaryotes

.5 bill- plants and animals

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7
Q

What did Carl Woese contribute?

A

Phylogenetic tree
2 Pro- Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
16S/ 18S rRNA tree

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8
Q

Formal Definition of species

A

DNA to DNA reassociation btwn 2 isolates is 70% or greater.
16 S rRNA has to be greater than 97%
(Bacteria and Archaea)

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9
Q

Open genomes

A

sequence isolate, see gene never seen before

Note: New genes mean different than the norm for the species

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10
Q

Closed Genomes

A

sequence another isolate, barely see differences. No more than 1% new genes in total sequence.

(Note: New genes mean different than the norm for the species)

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11
Q

Core Genome

A

Genes on all genes of strain of patho

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12
Q

Usual environment for Archaea

A

Extreme environments, High Temp/ high salt concentration

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13
Q

How does Archaea’s environment support Woese’s hypothesis for 3 domains of life

A

Woese- archaea= extreme

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14
Q

What does Archaea’s environment say about early evolution on earth?

A

Archaea=survive
humans, animals,other organisms= dead
lack of O2 and being toxic.

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15
Q

How does Archaea having no established pathogens support Woese’s hypothesis

A

Since Archea is suited for extreme environments and has already found it’s niche in the world, it is not pathogenic for plants or animals.

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16
Q

Minimal Medium

A

Minimal amount needed for an organism to grow. Usually results in slow growth.

E.Coli on this medium will oxidize glucose and O2 to produce 50% CO2 and 50% biomass

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17
Q

Defined Medium

A

Made of Pure Chemicals
Exact contents
Requirement 4 Growth

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18
Q

Undefined Medium

A

Can contain a mixed amount of nutrients or the exact contents/ amounts are unknown.
Yeast extract- cheap undefined, fast growth bc rich
Brain-heart infusions are another example

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19
Q

Rich medium

A

Plenty Nutrients

Large Growth

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20
Q

Prototroph

A

Doesn’t require a specific nutrient to grow.

Can convert any carbon source to fulfill it’s needs.

21
Q

Definition of Cell Growth

A

Change in Mass (weight)

Inc Cell # doesn’t = growth

22
Q

Turbidity/Optical Density

A

Measure light scattered in spectrophotometer- # cells

Assumes all cells are equal in size and linear over a range of concentrations

23
Q

Total Cell Counts

A

Uses a counting chamber (glass slide with defined area and depth) to count number of cells.

Electronic- cells through Electric Field, count by resistance

Cons- Cant tell apart live and dead
Cant count low dense culture

24
Q

Viable Cell Counts

A

Cells grown,plated on a growth medium.
Each colony represents a viable cell
However, clumps of cells will be represented by a single colony and most bacteria grow in clusters. Also, some cells don’t plate very well.

25
Q

Dry Weight/ Protein

A

Cells harvested by centrifugation, dried weighed. Not typically used in today’s lab since they can’t assess a culture’s growth at several points

26
Q

Lag phase

A

Rich –> minimal media.

Takes about 2 hrs of regulation while the cells start to make everything before they can slowly increase in size

27
Q

Exponential phase

A

Grow as fast as possible with nutrients available
Cells are dividing and accumulating biomass.

Enters stationary phase, the number of cells increases without a change of mass/ no growth

28
Q

Stationary phase

A

Stop Growth bc Toxic/ 0 Nutrients

29
Q

What is stationary phase sigma facter

A

RpoS - global regulator for synthesis of around 30 proteins.
Increases during starvation

30
Q

Role of Fis and H-NS

A

DNA binding proteins (Fis is specific, H-NS is nonspecific)

Fis activates rRNA gene transcription and is inhibited by H-NS

H-NS increases during stationary phase so less ribosomes are synthesized while Fis is high in actively growing cells

31
Q

What is (p)ppGpp?

A

Magic Spot” or the stringent response. Causes ribosomes to stall and slows tRNA/rRNA transcription.

Mechanism- if a ribosome cannot read hrough a codon, it’s not charged or efficiently charged.

Can trigger the arrest of the replication fork”

32
Q

What is the mechanism behind Diauxic Growth?

A

cAMP/CRP complex
global transcription regulator.
cAMP Inc bc- Carbon starvation mediated by Adenylate cyclase enzyme- start by PTS system.

33
Q

What is the role of oriC, DNA-A, and Par/MukB

A

DNA-A= On DNA synth by bind to oriC- opens DNA duplex
Other Rep= Complex
Par and MukB- chromosome split & seperation Form Septum, inward growth, seperate, septation, parallel

34
Q

How does DNA replication occur in fast growing cells vs slow growing cells?

A

Many Rep Forks= DNA Rep Fast

DNA Rep begins in previous generations

35
Q

What effect do the amounts of DNA, RNA and protein have on growth rates

A

Inc Pro= Inc Synth

Inc Pro. & RNA= Fast Growth

36
Q

What is growth yield, Y?

A

W(Cells Made)/W(Carbon used)
E.coli- glucose, aerobic conditions. Y= 0.5
(50% biomass, 50% carbon dioxide)

37
Q

Chemostat

A 
Restricts growth
Limit Addt. Nutrients 
Dilution rate= growth yield 
Study Cell in diff growth rates
More Control
38
Q

What is ftsZ?

A

Bacteria, Archae and Eucarya.
3D structure
Forms protofilaments (tubulin), Ring- hire protein
Localizes in center of cell division.

39
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Cytosol.
Electrons donors to acceptors.
Is coupled to ATP synthesis

40
Q

Oxidative level Phosphorylation/ Membrane gradients

A

In Membrane
Electrons from donor to accept.
coupled to ATP synthesis

41
Q

What did Peter Mitchell propose?

A

Proton Gradiant

42
Q

What were the principles of Peter Mitchell’s proposal?

A
  1. CM impermeable to H+ & OH-
  2. Enzymes that translocate H+ outside; form electrochemical gradient = inside the membrane + use Exergonic rxn drive proton translocation
  3. Form EC Gradient by action of pH gradient/ CM potential
43
Q

What is the Proton motive force equation?

A

p = ”ﾨ 60”pH

44
Q

What is the difference between ∆Ψ and ∆ pH?

A 
∆Ψ= CM potential for + ion outside cell
∆pH= Acid & Base outside
45
Q

What are the 3 types of transporters

A

Anti- 2; oppo

Sym- 2 same

Uni- 1

46
Q

What does DiNitroPhenol do to a living cell?

A 
Symport
In= H+ Out= Nothing
Collapse Proton Gradient
Off-oxidative phosphorylation, 
Cell Unable use Coupled ATP synthesis
Death
47
Q

How are Valinomycin and potassium used generate a ∆Ψ in membrane vesicles?

A

Inc K+ efflux,
Gradient- + outside; - inside
Determine if ∆Ψ drives transport substrate through Cell Membrane

48
Q

How do lipophilic dyes or lipophilic fluorophores can be used to determine delta psi experimentally?

A

Fluoro Dye measures change in ∆p to find ∆Ψ. Quenching- 1. F Dye seen inside cell bc low conc 2. Measure Op Density
INC Dye= Inc PMF

Micro Metab (2 decks)

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