Test 1 Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is cancer?
Mutations in genes that control growth after exposure to a carcinogen
Characteristics of a benign tumour are
well differentiated, surrounded by fibrous tissue, look and do the normal function, in it’s original location
Characteristics of a malignant tumour are
Less differentiated, have moved outside of the fibrous capsule, do not perform/ look like normal function, can metastasise different sites
How can benign tumours do damage?
By compressing nerves or surrounding organs
How are benign tumours named
tissue name + oma
What are carcinomas derived from?
Epithelial cells
What are adenocarcinomas derived from?
Glandular epithelial cells (secreting cells e.g. stomach)
What are squamous cells carcinomas derived from?
Mostly the skin, oropharynx, larynx, lung and cervix
What are the 3 types of sarcomas?
Osteosarcomas (bone), Liposarcomas (adipose tissue), Rhabdomyosarcomas (muscles)
How are cell numbers controlled in a normal cell?
Growth factors that control the division of stem cells and cell death by apoptosis or necrosis
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
Evading apoptosis, self sufficiency of growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, metastasis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis
What is telomerase do?
It’s an enzyme that adds DNA onto the end of the chromosome, which controls the amount of cell divisions that can occur
What happens when the telomere is fully gone?
The DNA coding sequence begins to get divided so the cell undergoes apoptosis.
What are the four phases of the cell cycle?
G1 phase, Synthesis phase, G2 phase, Mitosis phase
What does the G1/S checkpoint check for?
If growth factors are present, are nutrients available, is DNA damaged, is the cell big enough?
What is the G2/M checkpoint check?
Is the DNA properly regulated or DNA damaged?
What happens if the cell fails a checkpoint
They wait for for growth factors to be present/or the cell to growth OR cell cycle arrest leading to cell death via apoptosis
What is hypertension considered to be above?
140/90 or 135/85 if other risk factors are present
What is mean aterial pressure (MAP)
the average between the systolic and diastolic BP
How is blood pressure regulated?
The renin angiotensin aldosterone system
What occurs in the RAAS pathway?
Low BP causes baroreceptors to release renin from the kidney’s. Renin and angiotensinogen released by the liver both from angiotensin 1, which is acted upon by an ACE enzyme to cause angiotensin 2 which stimulates kidneys to form aldosterone which retains salt and water to increase blood volume and BP
What is myocardial infarction?
Death of cardiac muscle (Heart Attack)
