Test #1 Flashcards
text books def of child development
A field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change from conception through adolescence.
3 broad domains of child development
physical, cognitive, emotional and social
Difference between infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence
infancy and toddlerhood is 0-2
early childhood 2-6
middle childhood 6-11
adolescence 11-18
infancy and toddler hood
body and brain development
intellectual capacities
language
early childhood
longer and leaner body
motor skills
self-controlled and sufficient
make believe play
middle childhood
master new responsibilities
perform as adults
athletic abilities
logical thinking
adolescence
between childhood and adulthood
sexual maturity
autonomy from the family
What age is the developmental period of child development
birth to 18
Continuous vs. Discontinuous development
continuous: adding skills to skills already there
discontinuous: a new way of understanding skills
nature vs. nurture development
nature: hereditary information
nurture: a physical and social world that influence
Brain plasticity
development is open to change in
response to influential experiences. (nurture)
Child resiliency
ability to adapt
effectively in the face of
threats to development
– Personal Characteristics
– Warm parental relationship
– Social support outside the immediate family
– Community resources and opportunities
Reform Puritan approach
- children were born evil and had to be civilized
restrictive child-rearing practices were recommended - view of children as depraved and child
rearing as an important obligation
John Lockes Approach
Viewed the child as a tabula rasa, blank slate. d
development was continuous
Charles Darwin Approach
theory of evolution emphasizes two related principles:
– natural selection
– survival of the fittest
Binet and Simon
special classes for those who struggle in school (learning problems)
age-graded tests
Frued
psychosexual theory: id, ego, and
superego become integrated during five stages:
– oral (birth–1 year)
– anal (1–3 years)
– phallic (3–6 years)
– latency (6–11 years)
– genital (adolescence)
John Wattson
wanted to create an objective science of psychology
Social learning theorists beliefs on CD
modeling (imitation or observational learning) as a powerful source of development
Jean Piaget
cognitive-developmental theory:
– Children actively construct knowledge as they
manipulate and explore their world
– Central to this theory is the biological concept of
adaptation
Piaget stages
- Sensorimotor (birth–2 years)
– Preoperational (2–7 years)
– Concrete operational (7–11 years)
– Formal operational (11 years on)
correlation
a research method that shows the relationship between two variables, but it doesn’t prove causation.
xy
men
xx
woman
sex difference
twenty-third pair of chromosomes
– Called XX in females, XY in males
– X chromosome is relatively long; Y is short and carries little genetic material
down syndrome
Most common chromosomal disorder
– In 95% of cases, results from failure of twenty-first pair of
chromosomes to separate during meiosis
– Consequences include intellectual disability, memory and
speech problems, limited vocabulary, slow motor development
Genotype, Phenotype
- an individual’s unique genetic information
- an individual’s directly observable characteristics
Amniosyntesis
a prenatal diagnostic procedure that involves removing a small amount of amniotic fluid from the uterus to test for certain genetic and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus.
western families deciding to have kids
having children is a matter of individual choice
birth order
theory is the idea that a person’s birth order can impact their personality.
mothers age impact
35 bad year
older you are leads more complications
germinal period
lasts about two weeks, until the mass of cells drifts out of the fallopian tube and attaches itself to the uterine wall
implantation
between days 7 and 9, when the
blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining
amniotic fluid
a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds and protects the developing fetus in the uterus during pregnancy
placenta
a temporary organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and connects the developing fetus to the mother
Period of the embryo:
six weeks, from implantation
through eighth week of pregnancy
READ TB stages in womb
when does heart develop and or pump
firstly
eyes and major organs
second month
external genitalia
first trimester
thalidomide babies
a medication that was once used to treat morning sickness and insomnia, caused birth defects
cocaine exposure
Linked to prematurity, low birth weight, brain abnormalities,
physical defects, breathing difficulties, death around time
of birth
FASD
Range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes
caused by prenatal alcohol exposure
more vulnerable group to FASD
native americans
prenatal vitamins
folic acid reduces more than 70% of abnormalities
