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test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychology?

A

the scientific study of behaviour, mental processes & the human mind

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2
Q

what is empirical evidence?

A

numbers!! gathered by observation, experimentation, or measurement

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3
Q

what does it mean to be able to think critically & creatively?

A

make claims and judgements based on well supported reason & evidence

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4
Q

what are the 8 critical thinking guidelines?

A

similar to what constitutes a good theory

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5
Q

what is pseudoscience?

A

fake science

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6
Q

who is hippocrates?

A
  • “father of medicine”
  • emotion and thought located in the brain
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7
Q

who is aristotle?

A

claimed that the human psyche was part of our body

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8
Q

what is phrenology?

A

could read personality traits from bumps on the skull

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9
Q

how long ago did psychology start?

A

130 years ago

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10
Q

what is the conscious mind?

A

awareness of one’s self and one’s surroundings

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11
Q

what is the unconscious mind?

A

the mental processes that we are not aware of

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12
Q

how much of your brain is used consciously?

A

only 2-10%

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13
Q

what are the 3 early psychologies?

A
  1. structuralism
  2. functionalism
  3. psychoanalysis
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14
Q

who was known as the father of psychology?

A

Wilhem Wundt

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15
Q

what early psychology did Wilhem believe in?

A

structuralism

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16
Q

what do structuralists focus on?

A

the conscious mind and therefore thinking

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17
Q

what did wilhem wundt and structuralists look for?

A

understand the structure of the human mind through how objects are perceived using their senses

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18
Q

who is william james?

A

a functionalist who wanted to measure through actions instead of asking questions

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19
Q

what did functionalists do?

A

wanted to see how humans adapted to new environments

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20
Q

who is sigmeud fraud?

A

created psychoanalytic theory who cared about the unconscious mind

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21
Q

freud believed he could understand the unconscious mind by studying what?

A
  1. dreams
  2. childhood
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22
Q

what are the 5 major psychological perspectives today?

A
  1. biological perspective
  2. learning perspective
  3. cognitive perspective
  4. socio-cultural perspective
  5. psychodynamic perspective
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23
Q

what is the biological perspective?

A

focuses on how bodily events affect behaviour, feelings, & thoughts

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24
Q

what is the learning perspective?

A
  • concerned with how the environment and experience affect a persons’ behaviour
  • newer version of functionalists
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25
Q

what is behaviourism?

A

believed we should only study observable behaviour

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26
Q

who was john b watson?

A

behaviourist who said we should only study external actions

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27
Q

who are ivan pavlov and B. F skinner?

A

created the stimulus-response model

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28
Q

what is the cognitive perspective?

A

studying human consciousness and what happens in the brain when we are thinking

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29
Q

what is the socio-cultural perspective?

A

emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual

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30
Q

what is humanist psychology?

A

emphasizes personal growth & human potential

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31
Q

who are carl rogers & abraham maslow?

A

humanists who emphasized that humans have free will

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32
Q

what is humanism?

A

developed positive psychology, happiness in humans

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33
Q

what do psychologists do?

A
  1. pure research (college & universities)
  2. applied research (business, sports, law)
  3. psychological practice (provide health + metal health services)
34
Q

what is pure psychology?

A

pure research conducted to seek knowledge for its own sake

35
Q

what is applied psychology?

A

finds practical uses for the knowledge gained from research

36
Q

which doctor can diagnose and treat mental disorders?

A

psychiatrists

37
Q

what is the Canadian version of APA?

A

CPA (Canadian Psychological Association)

38
Q

what is the scientific method?

A

procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts

39
Q

what is skepticism?

A

treating conclusions, both old & new, with caution

40
Q

what is theory?

A

explanation of a natural phenomenon that tries to explain how & why something is happening

41
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

statement that attempts to predict for a set of phenomena

42
Q

what are operational definitions?

A

define concepts and labels by the way they are measured

43
Q

what is the principle of falsifiability?

A

a good theory must make predictions that can be proven either true or untrue

44
Q

what are misleading correlations?

A

correlations do NOT = causation

45
Q

what are the 2 steps in the measurement of a variable?

A
  1. define the property
  2. detect the property
46
Q

what are the 3 types of psychology research studies?

A
  1. naturalistic observational studies
  2. experimental studies
  3. correlational studies
47
Q

what are the 3 steps of experimentations

A
  1. manipulate
  2. measure
  3. compare with one another
48
Q

what is the independent variable?

A

the experimenter manipulates

49
Q

what is the dependent variable?

A

the experimenter predicts will be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

50
Q

what are experimental groups?

A

participants exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable

51
Q

what are control groups?

A

participants who are not exposed to the manipulation

52
Q

what is observer bias?

A

observers’ expectations to influence what they believe they observed and what they actually observed

53
Q

what is the mean?

A
  • average score of the group
  • find the sum then divide by sample size
54
Q

what is the median?

A

the middle number once the list is ordered from smallest to larger

55
Q

what is the mode?

A

the most common number

56
Q

what is the range?

A

subtract the lowest score from the highest

57
Q

what is memory?

A

the capacity to retain and retrieve information

58
Q

what is the hippocampus?

A

the memory processing region of the brain

59
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

the emotion processing region of the brain

60
Q

what are the 3 memory processes?

A
  1. encoding
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
61
Q

what is encoding?

A

taking information into the brain

62
Q

what is storage?

A

keeping information in the brain

63
Q

what is retrieval?

A
  • getting information out of the brain
  • retrieval is the weakest point
64
Q

what are the 3 major ways to encode?

A
  1. semantic encoding
  2. visual imagery encoding
  3. organizational encoding
65
Q

what is semantic encoding?

A

process of relating new information in a meaningful way

66
Q

what is visual imagery encoding?

A

process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

67
Q

what is organizational encoding?

A

process of categorizing information according to relationships among series of items

68
Q

what is reconstructive memory?

A

when we retrieve a memory we reconstruct from pieces and parts we have stored

69
Q

what is explicit memory?

A

conscious, intentional recollection

70
Q

what is implicit memeory?

A

unconscious retention in memory

71
Q

what is priming?

A

when a person is exposed to information and later tested to see if this influences behaviour or performance on another task

72
Q

what are the 3 separate memory systems?

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. short-term memory
  3. long-term memory
73
Q

what is consolidation?

A

the biological process in which the brain changes to store long term memory

74
Q

what is sensory memory?

A
  • large capacity
  • contains sensory information
  • uses the unconscious mind
  • brief retention images
75
Q

what is short-term memory?

A
  • limited capacity
  • brief storage of items
  • conscious mind
  • 7+-2
  • can enhance capacity by chunking
76
Q

what is long-term memory?

A
  • unlimited capacity
  • difficult to forget
  • uses unconscious and conscious mind
  • organized information
77
Q

what are the 2 categories of LTM?

A
  1. Procedural
  2. Declarative
78
Q

what are procedural memories?

A

knowing how

79
Q

what are the 2 sub-categories of declarative memories?

A
  1. semantic
  2. episodic
80
Q

what is declarative memory?

A

knowing that

81
Q

what are semantic memories?

A

general knowledge

psyc 1100 (2 decks)

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