Test 1 Flashcards
a study of organism
know from smallest to largest?
Cell, Organs, System
The anatomy of an atom location and charges?
Electron, Proton, Neutrons. electrons are located outside the nucleus of an atom and carry a negative charge. protons are located in the nucleus of an atom and at the center and they carry a positive charge. neutrons are located in the nucleus of atom and they have no charge
what is homeostasis and what is its role in the human body?
Homoeostasis is the body ability to maintain a stable internal environment by constantly adjusting to changes in the external environment.
what are the three major types of bonds discussed in class?
The three major types of bonds typically discussed in chemistry class are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds.
what’s the difference between negative and positive feedback loops understand examples of each?
Negative feedback works to counteract a change, bringing a system back to a stable state, while positive feedback amplifies a change, pushing a system further away from its set point.
what are the properties of ionic, covalent and metallic bonds?
In terms of electron sharing vs stealing, ionic bonds involve the “stealing” of electrons from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, and metallic bonds essentially create a “sea” of delocalized electrons shared among all metal atoms in the structure; making ionic bonds the only type where one atom completely takes an electron from another.
what kind of bond can water form?
Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other, which are a type of intermolecular force that arises due to the polarity of the water molecule, allowing it to attract other polar molecules; within a single water molecule, the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen atoms are considered polar covalent bonds.
what type of bonds are responsible for the shape of proteins and DNA?
The type of bonds primarily responsible for the shape of proteins and DNA are hydrogen bonds.
what are some examples of carbohydrates?
Examples of carbohydrates include: bread, pasta, rice, fruits like apples and bananas, vegetables like potatoes and corn, dairy products like milk and yogurt, beans, cereals, and sugar.
what elements are found in carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are made up of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
what 3 letters hint you are a carbohydrate?
The 3 letters that hint you are a carbohydrate are “ose” - most carbohydrate names end with this suffix, like glucose, sucrose, and fructose.
what’s the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions?
Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction where smaller molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule by removing a water molecule, while hydrolysis is the opposite process where a larger molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule
give examples of disaccharides?
Examples of disaccharides include: sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar).
what’s the difference between glycogen and starch?
The primary difference between glycogen and starch is that glycogen is the primary carbohydrate storage molecule in animals, while starch is the primary carbohydrate storage molecule in plants
what are some roles of lipids in the human body?
They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones’
where are phospholipids found in the human Body?
Phospholipids are primarily found in the cell membranes of all cells in the body,
what are some major functions of protein
Major functions of proteins include: providing structural support, acting as enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions, transporting materials within the body, regulating body processes, signaling between cells, contributing to immune function, and providing energy in certain situations
describe the levels of protein structure and examples of each
A protein’s structure is described in four levels: primary structure (amino acid sequence), secondary structure (local folding patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary structure (the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain), and quaternary structure (the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein complex)
what does denaturing do to protein? which bond did they affect
Denaturing a protein disrupts the protein’s three-dimensional structure by breaking weak non-covalent bonds like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions, which are responsible for maintaining the protein’s shape and function; essentially, it unfolds the protein without altering its primary amino acid sequence.
what does hydrolysis do to proteins? which bonds did they affect
Hydrolysis breaks down proteins by cleaving the peptide bonds that link amino acids together, essentially “cutting” the protein into smaller peptide fragments or individual amino acids by adding a water molecule to each bond that is broken; this process is crucial for digestion where enzymes like proteases catalyze the hydrolysis reaction within the bod
how do enzymes work and what effect do they have on activation energy
Enzymes perform the critical task of lowering a reaction’s activation energy—that is, the amount of energy that must be put in for the reaction to begin. Enzymes work by binding to reactant molecules and holding them in such a way that the chemical bond-breaking and bond-forming processes take place more readily.
What nitrogenous bases are found in DNA
The nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
What nitrogenous bases are found in RNA
The nitrogenous bases found in RNA are: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).
What are some differences between DNA and RNA
The key differences between DNA and RNA are: DNA is double-stranded and contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA is single-stranded and contains the sugar ribose; additionally, DNA uses the base thymine (T) while RNA uses uracil (U) in its nucleotide sequence.
