test 1 Flashcards
What is the main focus of Deci & Ryan’s model of motivation?
The model focuses on the continuum of motivation, ranging from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation.
True or False: Intrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards.
False
Fill in the blank: The two main types of motivation in Deci & Ryan’s model are __________ and __________.
intrinsic, extrinsic
What are the three basic psychological needs identified by Deci & Ryan?
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Multiple choice: Which type of motivation is characterized by doing something for its inherent satisfaction?
A) Extrinsic
B) Intrinsic
C) Amotivation
B) Intrinsic
What is amotivation in Deci & Ryan’s model?
Amotivation refers to a lack of motivation or intention to act.
True or False: Extrinsic motivation can enhance intrinsic motivation under certain conditions.
True
What is the role of autonomy in Deci & Ryan’s model?
Autonomy refers to the need to feel in control of one’s own actions and decisions.
What is the continuum of motivation proposed by Deci & Ryan?
It ranges from amotivation to intrinsic motivation, with various forms of extrinsic motivation in between.
Fill in the blank: The highest level of motivation on Deci & Ryan’s continuum is __________ motivation.
intrinsic
Multiple choice: Which type of motivation is driven by tangible rewards, such as money or grades?
A) Amotivation
B) External regulation
C) Intrinsic motivation
B) External regulation
What is the primary goal of Deci & Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory?
To understand how different types of motivation influence human behavior and well-being.
Describe the four ways that help explain how optimism works?
- Increased experience of positive emotions & upward spiral of Broaden-and-Build theory (Frederickson): Nonspecific action tendencies (approach, explore, interact), Thought-action tendencies, Undoing hypothesis
- More flexible in allocating their attention
- Use more effective coping strategies
- “Healthy Illusions” or Positive Illusions (Taylor & Brown) vs. Depressive Realism
What are the four requirements for successful self-regulation toward a goal?
Clear standard/goal; Monitoring system;
Motivation, Self-Discipline (avoiding procrastination)
How does optimism develop (2 theories)?
Attachment theory: baby experiment to see how they react to new people/stimuli (secure attachment means more optimistic)
Parenting styles: Authoritarian + Permissive styles means less optimistic
Authoritative means more optimistic
what are the 2 major theories on optimism?
Dispositional optimism - Carver & Scheier (tendency to expect positive outcomes in life)
Optimism as explanatory
style - Seligman & Peterson (tributes negative events to external, temporary causes, and positive events to personal causes)
benefits of optimism - list at least 5
- Higher grades
- Better athletic performance
- Higher salaries
- More job promotions
- Greater social network
- Happier marriages
- Live longer more healthy lives
- Higher threshold for pain
- Better at handling stress
What are the Big 5 Personality Traits and which traits are most predictive of subjective wellbeing?
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion (Predictive)
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (Predictive)
Does money make us happy? Justify your answer based on at least FOUR different studies
Yes but only until a certain point
1. Diener, 1995 - 101 nations, 26 out of 32 criteria categories associated higher QOL with wealth
- Diener, 2003 - Poor countries associated wealth + happiness more than wealthy countries (wealthy countries still did) BUT association decreases with income
- Kahneman + Deaton, 2010 - Survey w/ 450,000 responses. Emotional well-being rises w/ wealth until $75,000
- Jebb, 2018 - Satiation occurs at $90,000. EWB occurs at $60-70,000
Describe the hedonic and eudaimonic views of happiness. How are they similar and how are they different?
Hedonic: Subjective feelings of well being (pleasure seeking + pain avoiding)
Eudaimonic: Emphasis on personal growth + purpose
Similar: contribute to well-being and include positive emotions
Different: Their focuses - pleasure vs. meaning, short vs. long term
What is Baumgardner and Crothers definition of positive psychology?
The scientific study of human strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.
Their approach emphasizes fostering positive emotions, resilience, well-being, and personal growth
Why has psychology has historically focused on the negative of human experience than the positive?
- Clinical Psychology’s Roots - Started after WW2 to help with PTSD + focused on treating mental illnesses
- Medical Model Influence - Tied to medicine which means diagnosing and fixing problems
- Scientific Skepticism Toward Positivity - not viewed as a serious study/issue
what are the 4 basic questions for success?
Can I succeed at the task (self-efficacy)? (Bandura & self-efficacy)
ii. Do I want to do the task? (Subjective task value (interest & utility value, Attainment value,
psychological costs, financial costs, lost opportunities);
iii. Why do I want to do the task (self-determination theory, Deci & Ryan; motivation as a
continuum)
iv. What do I need to do to succeed at the task?
v. Can I Succeed at the Task?
What are the 3 steps to success?
- Resources + 2. Goals (Right Goals/Motives) + 3. Self-regulation over time
